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Biology module 4 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What were Darwin’s observations?

A

Organisms make lots of offspring
Populations stay fairly stable in size
Offspring are similar to parents
No 2 individuals are the same

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2
Q

What were Darwin’s conclusions?

A

There is a struggle for existence

Therefore, some must be more suited to survive and reproduce.

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3
Q

Speciation (5 steps)

A

Population shows variation due to random mutation
Population becomes isolated
Environment is different for population
Selection of best features are passed on to offspring in reproduction
The proportion of the individuals with the useful adaptation increases

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4
Q

How long does evolution take?

A

Many generations

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5
Q

What does speciation mean?

A

Organisms have become so different that they can no longer reproduce to produce fertile offspring.

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6
Q

Pesticide resistance example of evolution

A

Population shows variation (some mutated=resistant)
Pesticide applied=some pests killed
Surviving pests reproduce and pass on resistance to offspring
Pesticide is reapplied
The proportion of resistant pests increases

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7
Q

Antibiotic resistance example of evolution

A

Variations, due to mutations, in resistance means some are more susceptible.
Antibiotic is used, only most resistant survive
Bacteria reproduce, passing on resistance gene.

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8
Q

What are some behavioural adaptation of xerophytes?

A

Close stomata
Open stomata
Fold leaves

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9
Q

What are some physiological adaptation of xerophytes?

A

Rigid/folded stem in saguaro cactus

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10
Q

What are some anatomical adaptation of xerophytes?

A 
Shallow and widespread roots
Deep roots
Fleshy stem/leaves
Small leaf surface area
Thick waxy cuticle
Curled/folded/hairy leaves
Stomata sunk in pits
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11
Q

Why may organisms from different taxonomic groups show similar anatomical features?

A

Although they have a different phylogeny they have evolved to live in similar conditions

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12
Q

What is the definition of variation?

A

The differences shown by organisms

The presence of variety

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13
Q

What is variation within a species called?

A

Intraspecific variation

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14
Q

What is variation between species called?

A

Interspecific variatation

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15
Q

What does heritability mean?

A

How much of a characteristic is inherited

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16
Q

What are the 5 ways to measure variation?

A 
Mean 
Mode
Median
Range
Standard deviation
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17
Q

What do you use to see significant differences in data?

A

Statistical tests

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18
Q

What are the 3 statistical tests?

A

Student’s t-test
Spearman rank correlation coefficient
Chi-squared test

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19
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

Statement that goes with t-test

20
Q

what does H0 mean?

A

There is no difference between the sets of data

21
Q

What is the critical value?

A

Acceptable difference between the sets of data

22
Q

What is the statement you make after doing the student’s t-test if the null hypothesis was wrong?

A

The null hypothesis is incorrect as our value of __ is higher than the critical value. There is a difference between the ____________

23
Q

What is the statement you make after doing the student’s t-test if the null hypothesis was correct?

A

The null hypothesis is correct as our value of __ is lower than the critical value. There is not a difference between the ____________

24
Q

When is the degrees of freedom used?

A

When looking up the critical value

25
Q

What is the degrees of freedom equation?

A

nA+nB-1

26
Q

Which column do you normally use when looking up the critical value?

A

5% doubt column

27
Q

What is the definition of phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary relationship between organisms

28
Q

What is the definition of adaptations?

A

A feature that enhances the survival and long-term reproductive success

29
Q

What is the definition of an anatomical adaptation?

A

Structural feature that aids survival/ reproductive success

30
Q

What is the definition of a behavioural adaptation?

A

A way of behaving that aids survival/ reproductive success

31
Q

What is the definition of a physiological/ biochemical adaptation?

A

Changes to the function of cell processes that aids survival/ reproductive success

32
Q

What is an example of an anatomical adaptation?

A

Giraffe’s long neck

33
Q

What is an example of a physiological adaptation?

A

Haemoglobin in in different animal = different affinity

34
Q

What is an example of a behavioural adaptation?

A

A mating call (birds)

35
Q

What is the evidence for evolution?

A

Fossil
DNA
Molecular

36
Q

What are the examples of fossils as evidence for evolution?

A

Fossils of horses
Archaeopteryx - shows link between dinosaurs and birds
Armadillo and glyptodont - compare fossils to living things

37
Q

What is the example of DNA as evidence for evolution?

A

Look at sequence and compare, similar=more closely related

38
Q

What are the examples of molecules as evidence for evolution?

A

Prokaryotic/eukaryotic RNA polymerase
Similarities evolve from the same place
Cytochrome C
DNA polymerase

39
Q

Why might different islands produce birds with different beak shapes?

A

Different islands = different availability of food sources for the birds.

40
Q

What did Alfred Russel Wallace contribute to?

A

The biogeography - the study of why organisms live where they do

41
Q

How has fossil evidence improved our understanding of evolution?

A

Very ancient fossils simple and unicellular showing life has become more complex
Fossils show gradual change (transitional fossils)
Confirms ecological links (land animals are reliant on land plants)

42
Q

What name is given to structures with a common evolutionary history?

A

Homologous structures

43
Q

What name is given to the process that creates variety from one basic structure?

A

Divergent evolution

44
Q

Definition of genetic variation?

A

Difference between the genomes of individuals within a population

45
Q

Definition of selection pressure?

A

Any environmental condition that favours the survival of some alleles over others.

46
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Similar structures even though the organisms aren’t closely related

47
Q

What kind of evolution causes analogous structures?

A

Convergent evolution

Biology module 4 (10 decks)

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