Types of hypoxia

Question 1

what is hypoxia

Answer 1

when the body or region or cellular level is deprived of oxygen classified as either genrelaized or local

defieciny of oxygen in the inspired air
hypoventilation

Question 2

hypoxamia

Answer 2

decreased available oxygen in the inhaled air

Question 3

hypoventilation

Answer 3

inadequate muscle activity to bring in oxygen and remove CO2

this is typically neurological

Question 4

what is a right to left shunt

Answer 4

A shunt is an abnormal communication between the right and left sides of the heart or between the systemic and pulmonary vessels, allowing blood to flow directly from one circulatory system to the other. A right-to-left shunt allows deoxygenated systemic venous blood to bypass the lungs and return to the body.

Question 5

what is oxygen saturation

Answer 5

refers to percentage of oxygen which hb is saturated with

Question 6

what does cyanide do

Answer 6

inactivates cytochrome oxidase - this inactivates mitochondral oxidative phosphorylation which insist cellular respiration therefore leading to anaerobic metabolism and increased lactate

Question 7

what can you use to treat cyanide toxicity

Answer 7

amyl nitrate + sodium thiosulfate +sodium nitrite

hydroxocobalamin ( cyanide has a higher affinity for cobalt than cytochrome oxidase a3

Question 8

type 1 respiratory failure involves

Answer 8

oxygen below 8 hyperaemia and nromocapnia co2 below 6

associated with damage to the lung tissue which prevents adequate oxygenation of the blood

Question 9

type 1 causes

Answer 9

high altitude 
PE 
acute neuromuscular disease 
pneumonia 
right to left shunt

Question 10

type 2 causes

Answer 10

COPD 
drug effects 
chronic bronchitis 
guillian-barre syndrome 
MND 
kyphoscolisosis and anklysisng spondylitis

Question 11

features of opiod toxicity

eyes

Answer 11

reduced GCS
reduced RR
reduced ventilation and small pinpoint pupils!!!!

Question 12

what is Guillain barre syndrome

Answer 12

type of acute inflammatory neuropathy
2/3 of patients have history of gastroenteritis or infleuzne like illness weeks before nruoogical symtoisn, trigger immune mediated attack on myelin sheaths. bilateral affection distal extremities first prior to progression.
some people experience respiratory failure

hypoxia and hypercapnia late sign

immunotherpay can help

Question 13

gentleman suffered multiple rib fractures following an RTA - what does that put him at risk of

Answer 13

alveolar hypoventialtion ( shallow breathing due to pain) and LRTI. This has likely caused reduced compliance of the chest wall –> alveolar hypoventilation and also a V/Q mismatch ) reduced ventilation but adequate perfusion) - such as pneumonia

Question 14

crepitations at base will be herd for pneumonia what do you treat this with

Answer 14

IV antibiotics + likely Iv fluids , oxygen and analgesia , chest physiology