L4 response to injury, hypoxia and hypovolaemia Flashcards
progressive erosion of specific DNA sequences found at the tips of each chromosome called ……., significantly contribute to progressive waging and death of cells
telomeres
how does glucose contribute to gaining
forms irreversible crosslinks between adjacent proteins which contributes to the stiffening and loss of elasticity of the ageing tissues
daltons law
each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure ( partial pressure) as if no other gases are present.
the total pressure of the mixture is simply the sum of all the partial pressures
henrys law
the quantity of a gas that will dissolve into a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility
what causes a right shift in the oxygen dissociation graph
Right shift – low ph ( hydrogen ions increase) high temp, high co2 or high BPG ( 2,3-bisphosphate)
External respiration is pulmonary gas exchange and lungs
Internal respiration is systemic gas exchanges, occurs in tissues throughout the body
High co2 and stuff high in active tissues so oxygen offloadsed to tissues needing it most
Poor metabolically acive tissue – over production of hydrogen, lower conc of CO2 and lower BPG in this case affintity for oxygen of Hb will increase so diffusion decrease as no nned for oxygen
how is CO2 transported in the blood - 3 ways
dissolved CO2
carbamino compounds (cHb)
bicarbonate ions
Henderson hasselblach equation
the one inhume
Ph = pk + log10 ( HCO3/CO2)
in normal breathing the dorsal repsiraoty group controls this however in forceful breathing what does the dorsal repsriaitoy group activate to help
ventral respiratory group
where do we find the central and peripheral chemoreceptors
Central chemoreceptors in medulla , and peripheral in aortic and carotid bodies
what is type 1 resp failure
hypoxia without hypercapnia
arterial oxygen above 8 kpa
with normal or low co2
v/Qmissmatch
pneumonia, acute lung injury or pulmonary oedema( alveoli filled with fluid so unable to exchange)
typ2 res failure
hypoxia with hypercapnia with the co2 above 6kpa
either due to increase co2 production r reduction in its excretion due to failure of ventilation
caused by
decreased CNS drive - drugs like opioids
neuromuscular disease 0 myasthenia graves , MND
or obstructive such as COPD or asthma
what is stroke volume affected by
Stroke volume affected by preload( degree of stretch of heart ) , contractility fo the heart , afterload ( pressure that must be exceeded before any ejection of blood can occur)
can hypertension and arthesclerosis can increase after load
Reduced stroke volume decreased cardiac output as SV x HR
Then reduced blood pressure due to CO x SVR
where are the baroreceptors located
aortic arch ( via vagus) carotid sinus ( via glosso)
hypovolaemic shock symptoms
peripheries go cold clammy , pale and increased CRT tachycardia collapsed veins confusion anxiety oliguria tahcypnoea blood pressure biphasic response- may seem normal then massively and rapidly drops
