The neural control of the heart, circulation and respiration

Question 1

where is the SAN

Answer 1

right atrium lateral side adjacent to the SVC

Question 2

where is the AVN

Answer 2

poster wall of the right atrium posterior to the tricuspid valve - delays the impulse end gives the atria time to contract

Question 3

neural regulation of the heart - parasympathetic in from of what nerve

Answer 3

vagal nerves

Question 4

what part of the autonomic NS controls the arterioles

Answer 4

sympathetic

Question 5

how to remember the brainstem

Answer 5

ice-cream

Question 6

baroreceptors at bifurcation of CCA to solitary nucleus where cranial nerve

Answer 6

CN9

Question 7

pharynx and larynx to nucleus ambiguus what cranial nerve

Answer 7

CN10

Question 8

brainstem control of vessels

Answer 8

reticular formation
medulalla and pons
sned para to vagus and sympathetic through spinal cord

Question 9

in the medulla and inf 1/3 of pons there are what areas

Answer 9

vasoconstrictor area - sup medulla , constricts vessels, increase HR and contraction force
vasodilator area - antlat inf medula - inbits the vasoconstricotr area
sensory area - nucleus solitaires and postal portion of the medulla
receives signals from CN9,10

Question 10

brainstem control of the heart what areas are there

Answer 10

cardioaccelaratory area - dorsal medulla , increase hr and contraction
cardioinhibtory area - nucleus ambiguous and morals nuces of the vagus - opposite
other Brian areas involved includ the frontal lobe ( relaxation therapy ) and the hypothalamus

Question 11

neural control of respiration - involuntary control

impulses sent by what nerves

Answer 11

primary resp muscles ( diaphragm and intercostal muscles) stimulated by groups of neurones in pen and medulla ( resp control centres)

phrenic and intercostal nerves

ventral resp group - inspiration
dorsal rep group - expiration
pontine reps group - rate and pattern

Question 12

ventral resp group controls what

Answer 12

inspiration

Question 13

dorsal resp group controls what

Answer 13

expiration

Question 14

pontine resp group controls what

Answer 14

rate and pattern

Question 15

voluntary control of reparation is controlled by what

Answer 15

the motor cortex

Question 16

brainstem control of respiration - where are the peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 16

carotid bodies and aortic bodies - artierial oxygen and stretch receptors int eh airways and lungs

Question 17

central chemoreceptors found where

Answer 17

chemosensitive respiratory area - most ventral part of the medulla - detects oxygen and carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions

Question 18

as we know the DRG and controls inspiration

Answer 18

located around nucleus solitaires 
afferent role 
receives sensory information 
from CN9,10 
drives quiet passive inspiration 
helps to maintain a constant breathing rhythm

Question 19

the VRG controls expiration

Answer 19

located ventral to DRG
located inside the ncuelsu ambiguous 
longer than DRG 
efferent role 
drives forced isyrpaition and expiration

Question 20

rhythmic respiration is initiated by a small group of synaptically coupled pacemaker cells in the

Answer 20

pre-botzinger complex

Question 21

pontine respiraotry group controls rate and pattern of breathing

Answer 21

located in pons
pneumatic centre ( switch off button at end of inspiration) - depth of breathing
amnesic centre - depth

Question 22

chemosenstiive repriotry area

Answer 22

0.2mm from ventral surface of medulla

Question 23

is the phrenic nerve post or anterior to the subclavian artery

Answer 23

posterior

Question 24

ondine curse

Answer 24

cerebral cortex takes over involuntary breathing making it voluntary - but cannot take over when sleeping

Question 25

central hypoventilation syndrome

Answer 25

ondine curse - most lethal when sleeping
voluntary breathing necessary

treated with phrenic Neve diaphragm pacer

Question 26

brainstem death

Answer 26

one of the two ways of confirming death