cytokine storm Flashcards
what are cytokines
Diverse group of low molecular weight proteins that mediate the effector function of the immune system
main producers of cytokines
t helper cells, dendritic cell and macrophages ( neutrophils)
what properties do cytokines have
and examples
pleiotropic - one cytokine has different effects on different cell e.g. Il4 on B cell causes activation , proliferation and differnentiaon but on cytoktoci T cells only cause proliferation and diff
redundant - different cytokines gave the same effect e.g. Il2,4,5 all cause proliferation of B cells
synergistic - produce combined affect, Il4,5 came B cells to induce class switch to IGE
antagonistic e.g. IFN-Y blocks Il-4 to change B cells to class switch to IgE
cascading - cytokines can stimulate the production of other cytokines e.g. activated th1 release IFN-Y to cause macrophage to release Il-12 to cause activated Th to release Il2
classification of cytokines - what are the family groups
interlukin 1 family - IL1alpha, Il1Ra, Il-18, Il-33
Hematopoietin( class I cytokine( family) - Il2,3,4,,23,`Gm-CSF, prolactin, EPO
interferon ( class 11 cytokine) - IFN-, Il-10,22,24,20,19
Tumor necorsis facto family - TNF , APRIL, LT, FAS(CD95)
interlukin 17 family - Il17
Chmeokines -IL8, CCL
IFN-Y is a what
produced by what
used when
proinflammtory cytokine
produced by natural killer and natural T killer part of innate
used a immunotherpaeutic agent to boost immune system against such hepborc
can Inuit viral replication
TNF is a
produced by what
role
signs
Pro inflammatory
Produced by macrophages, CD4 T cells, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells.
regulation of immune cells. induce apoptotic cell death
to induce inflammation,
to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication.
A local increase in concentration of TNF will cause the cardinal signs of Inflammation to occur: heat, swelling, redness, and pain.
High concentrations of TNF induce shock-like symptoms
Low BP
Rapid heart beat
Poor organ perfusion
Il-10 does what
also known as (CSIF)
Anti-inflammatory cytokine.
Down regulates TH1 response and cytokine production.
Inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Enhances B cell survival and antibody production.
Produced by monocytes, mast c ells, TH2 cells and Treg cells.
Il-6 is
produced by
mediator of what
Both pro and anti inflammatory
Produced by T cells and macrophages
IL-6 is one of the most important mediators of fever and of the acute phase response. It is capable of crossing the blood brain barrier and initiating synthesis of PGE2 in the hypothalamus, thereby changing the body’s temperature setpoint. In muscle and fatty tissue IL-6 stimulates energy mobilization which leads to increased body temperature
Anti inflammatory by inhibitory effects on TNF-α and IL-1
Il-4
roles
class switch
overproduction associated with
It has many biological roles, including the stimulation of activated B-cell and T-cell proliferation, and the differentiation of CD4+ TH0-cells into TH2 cells.
IL-4 induces B-cell class switching to IgE, and up-regulates MHC class II production.
Overproduction of IL-4 is associated with allergies
Il-2
what is it involved in the treatment of
Antigen binding to the T cell receptor (TCR) stimulates the secretion of IL-2, and the expression of IL-2 receptors IL-2R. The IL-2/IL-2R interaction then stimulates the growth, differentiation and survival of antigen-selected cytotoxic T cells via the activation of the expression of specific genes
treatment of autoimmune diseases such as corticosteroids, and organ transplant rejection (ciclosporin, tacrolimus) work by inhibiting the production of IL-2 by antigen-activated T cells.
physiological effects of a cytokine storm
everything you can think of
covid is characterised by hyperinflation causing elevated Il-1beta, Il-6 and IFN-Y
what was used to treat it
Hence dexamethasone to slow down NFkB production
REMAP-CAP showed tocilizumab and sarilumab improve outcomes in ICU patients
anti-cytokine agent
monoclonal antibodies
Il-1- anakinra TNF- infliximab Il-6 - tocilizumab IFN/IL-6 Tofactinib Il-17/23- Ustekinumab
cytokine storm syndromes
sepsis CRS( cytokine release syndrome) - IL6, macrophages Non-systemic JIA-MAS- arthritis EBV- Viremia FHLH - CD8+T cells , IFN-Y
Il-6 secrets by what
macrophages and T cells
