cytokine storm Flashcards

1
Q

what are cytokines

A

Diverse group of low molecular weight proteins that mediate the effector function of the immune system

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2
Q

main producers of cytokines

A

t helper cells, dendritic cell and macrophages ( neutrophils)

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3
Q

what properties do cytokines have

and examples

A

pleiotropic - one cytokine has different effects on different cell e.g. Il4 on B cell causes activation , proliferation and differnentiaon but on cytoktoci T cells only cause proliferation and diff

redundant - different cytokines gave the same effect e.g. Il2,4,5 all cause proliferation of B cells

synergistic - produce combined affect, Il4,5 came B cells to induce class switch to IGE

antagonistic e.g. IFN-Y blocks Il-4 to change B cells to class switch to IgE

cascading - cytokines can stimulate the production of other cytokines e.g. activated th1 release IFN-Y to cause macrophage to release Il-12 to cause activated Th to release Il2

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4
Q

classification of cytokines - what are the family groups

A

interlukin 1 family - IL1alpha, Il1Ra, Il-18, Il-33

Hematopoietin( class I cytokine( family) - Il2,3,4,,23,`Gm-CSF, prolactin, EPO

interferon ( class 11 cytokine) - IFN-, Il-10,22,24,20,19

Tumor necorsis facto family - TNF , APRIL, LT, FAS(CD95)

interlukin 17 family - Il17

Chmeokines -IL8, CCL

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5
Q

IFN-Y is a what

produced by what

used when

A

proinflammtory cytokine

produced by natural killer and natural T killer part of innate

used a immunotherpaeutic agent to boost immune system against such hepborc
can Inuit viral replication

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6
Q

TNF is a

produced by what

role

signs

A

Pro inflammatory

Produced by macrophages, CD4 T cells, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells.

regulation of immune cells. induce apoptotic cell death
to induce inflammation,
to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication.

A local increase in concentration of TNF will cause the cardinal signs of Inflammation to occur: heat, swelling, redness, and pain.

High concentrations of TNF induce shock-like symptoms
Low BP
Rapid heart beat
Poor organ perfusion

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7
Q

Il-10 does what

A

also known as (CSIF)

Anti-inflammatory cytokine.

Down regulates TH1 response and cytokine production.

Inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Enhances B cell survival and antibody production.

Produced by monocytes, mast c ells, TH2 cells and Treg cells.

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8
Q

Il-6 is

produced by

mediator of what

A

Both pro and anti inflammatory

Produced by T cells and macrophages

IL-6 is one of the most important mediators of fever and of the acute phase response. It is capable of crossing the blood brain barrier and initiating synthesis of PGE2 in the hypothalamus, thereby changing the body’s temperature setpoint. In muscle and fatty tissue IL-6 stimulates energy mobilization which leads to increased body temperature

Anti inflammatory by inhibitory effects on TNF-α and IL-1

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9
Q

Il-4

roles

class switch

overproduction associated with

A

It has many biological roles, including the stimulation of activated B-cell and T-cell proliferation, and the differentiation of CD4+ TH0-cells into TH2 cells.

IL-4 induces B-cell class switching to IgE, and up-regulates MHC class II production.

Overproduction of IL-4 is associated with allergies

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10
Q

Il-2

what is it involved in the treatment of

A

Antigen binding to the T cell receptor (TCR) stimulates the secretion of IL-2, and the expression of IL-2 receptors IL-2R. The IL-2/IL-2R interaction then stimulates the growth, differentiation and survival of antigen-selected cytotoxic T cells via the activation of the expression of specific genes

treatment of autoimmune diseases such as corticosteroids, and organ transplant rejection (ciclosporin, tacrolimus) work by inhibiting the production of IL-2 by antigen-activated T cells.

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11
Q

physiological effects of a cytokine storm

A

everything you can think of

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12
Q

covid is characterised by hyperinflation causing elevated Il-1beta, Il-6 and IFN-Y
what was used to treat it

A

Hence dexamethasone to slow down NFkB production

REMAP-CAP showed tocilizumab and sarilumab improve outcomes in ICU patients

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13
Q

anti-cytokine agent

A

monoclonal antibodies

Il-1- anakinra 
TNF- infliximab 
Il-6 - tocilizumab 
IFN/IL-6 Tofactinib 
Il-17/23- Ustekinumab
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14
Q

cytokine storm syndromes

A
sepsis
CRS( cytokine release syndrome) - IL6, macrophages
Non-systemic JIA-MAS- arthritis 
EBV- Viremia 
FHLH - CD8+T cells , IFN-Y
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15
Q

Il-6 secrets by what

A

macrophages and T cells

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