L1 common pathologies in the heart

Question 1

superior to the aortic valve you find the ……. from here the emergence of the coronary arteries

Answer 1

coronary sinuses - first branch of the ascending arch of the aorta

Question 2

the right coronary sinus is found anteriorly where can you find the left coronary sinus

Answer 2

posteriorly

Question 3

what part of the heart do the coronary vessels supply

Answer 3

myocardium

Question 4

3 layers of arteries

Answer 4

intima
media - vascular smooth muscle and elastin matrix
tunic adventitia - fibroblasts, collagen mast cell and nerve endings and small vessels

Question 5

The term ‘acute coronary syndromes’ (ACS) encompasses a range of conditions including unstable angina, non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) that are due to a sudden reduction of blood flow to the heart.

what can it cause

Answer 5

Acute coronary syndromes result from a sudden blockage in a coronary artery. This blockage causes unstable angina or heart attack (myocardial infarction), depending on the location and amount of blockage

Question 6

Angina is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscles

what are the two types

Answer 6

There are 2 main types of angina you can be diagnosed with: stable angina (more common) – attacks have a trigger (such as stress or exercise) and stop within a few minutes of resting. unstable angina (more serious) – attacks are more unpredictable (they may not have a trigger) and can continue despite resting.

Stable angina is when you get angina symptoms during moderate physical activity or when you are pushing yourself physically. These symptoms go away with rest and/or medication. Unstable angina is when you get angina symptoms while doing very little or resting.

Question 7

tricuspid valve separates what

Answer 7

separates RA and RV

Question 8

mitral valve separates what

Answer 8

separates LA and LV

Question 9

what prevent the mitral and tricuspid valves prolaspising into the atria during contraction

Answer 9

chordae tindinea ( papillary muscles)

Question 10

pathology of valves

valves can become stenotic or regurgitant what does this mean

Answer 10

Valves can become narrowed (stenotic) eg rheumatic fever ( strep infection and inflammatory process creates scarrign) 
Leaky valve ( incompetent or regurgitation) eg due to acute muscle rupture or fever again 
Infected (endocarditis ) – cause valves to become regurgitant or blood clots passing into arteriole system – septic emboli

Question 11

aortic stenosis is a systolic murmur and can cause difficulty of left ventricle to pump blood out what can this cause

Answer 11

SOB
heart palpitations and strain
chest pain
left ventricular hypertrophy

the valve leaflets look thicker

Question 12

atria are derived from what

Answer 12

primitive atrium

Question 13

in LVF we see pulmonary odema RVF what is seen

Answer 13

RVF – peripheral oedema and hepatomegaly ascites _ liver engorged)

Question 14

If your papillary muscles rupture what can happen

Answer 14

valvular rupture

Question 15

what is cardiac tamponade and how does it happen

Answer 15

Cardiac tamponade happens when extra fluid builds up in the space around the heart- pericardium

he pressure prevents the heart’s ventricles from expanding fully and keeps your heart from functioning properly

Question 16

symptoms fo cadrais tamponade

Answer 16

anxiety and restlessness
low blood pressure
weakness
chest pain radiating to your neck, shoulders, or back
trouble breathing or taking deep breaths
rapid breathing
discomfort that’s relieved by sitting or leaning forward
fainting, dizziness, and loss of consciousness

Question 17

Cardiac tamponade often has three signs your doctor can recognize. These signs are commonly known as Beck’s triad. They include:

Answer 17

low blood pressure and weak pulse because the volume of blood your heart is pumping is reduced

extended neck veins because they’re having a hard time returning blood to your heart

a rapid heartbeat combined with muffled heart sounds due to the expanding layer of fluid inside your pericardium

Question 18

pericardium made of two layer

Answer 18

Outer fibrous pericardium preventing overfilling and distention
Inner layer is serous pericardium – parietal and visceral layer these create a potential space - movement

Question 19

what can you use to treat intermittent claudication

Answer 19

Drugs licensed for use in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) include:
naftidrofuryl oxalate: vasodilator, sometimes used for patients with a poor quality of life