Type 1/2 diabetes

Question 1

What are the 2 classes of hormones?

Answer 1

-Protein/peptides (EG Insulin/glucose)
-Steroids (Cholesterol based)

Question 2

What type of disorder is diabetes?

Answer 2

Endocrine/hormone disorder

Question 3

What type of disorder is diabetes mellitus, and what does mellitus mean?

Answer 3

“sweet”- endocrine disorder involving pancreatic cells

Question 4

Alpha cells secrete

Answer 4

Glucagon

Question 5

Beta cells secrete

Answer 5

Insulin

Question 6

Where are alpha and beta cells found?

Answer 6

Islets of langerhans in pancreas

Question 7

Insulin and glucose are ________________ that regulate _______________________ in ______________

Answer 7

peptide hormones, blood glucose, mg/DL

Question 8

What is the ideal blood glucose range?

Answer 8

70-130

Question 9

What is glycogen?

Answer 9

Stored glucose

Question 10

_______________ tells liver to break down glycogen to release glucose into the blood

Answer 10

Glucagon

Question 11

What is the difference between glucose handling in a diabetic vs a healthy person?

Answer 11

Normal glucose handling- filtered, 100% reabsorption
Diabetes mellitus- high glucose, not filtered properly leading to excretion in urine

Question 12

Polyuria

Answer 12

Frequent urination

Question 13

Polyphagia

Answer 13

Frequent eating

Question 14

Polydipsia

Answer 14

Frequent thirst

Question 15

Normal, prediabetic, diabetic A1C

Answer 15

5, 5.7-6.4, 6.5+

Question 16

Normal, prediabetic, diabetic plasma glucose

Answer 16

Less than or equal to 99, 100-125, 126+

Question 17

Normal, prediabetic, diabetic oral glucose tolerance (mg/DL)

Answer 17

Less than or equal to 139, 140-199, 200+

Question 18

What does A1C look for?

Answer 18

RBCs carrying high amounts of sugar

Question 19

Type 1 Diabetes age of onset

Answer 19

Any age, typically young

Question 20

Type 1 Diabetes nature of onset

Answer 20

Sudden

Question 21

Type 1 Diabetes ketoacidosis

Answer 21

Common

Question 22

Type 1 Diabetes autoantibodies

Answer 22

Usually present

Question 23

Type 1 Diabetes endogenous insulin

Answer 23

Low-absent

Question 24

Type 1 Diabetes Identical twin prevalence

Answer 24

50%

Question 25

Type 1 Diabetes prevalence

Answer 25

Less common

Question 26

Type 1 Diabetes body type

Answer 26

Thin/normal

Question 27

Type 2 diabetes age of onset

Answer 27

Usually adults

Question 28

Type 2 diabetes nature of onset

Answer 28

Gradual

Question 29

Type 2 diabetes Ketoacidosis

Answer 29

Rare

Question 30

Type 2 diabetes autoantibodies

Answer 30

Absent

Question 31

Type 2 diabetes endogenous insulin

Answer 31

Decreased, normal, increased

Question 32

Type 2 diabetes identical twin prevalence

Answer 32

90%

Question 33

Type 2 diabetes prevalence

Answer 33

90-95% of cases

Question 34

Type 1 diabetes mechanism

Answer 34

Not enough insulin is being produced

Question 35

Type 2 diabetes mechanism

Answer 35

Insensitivity, receptors are not responding due to overuse

Question 36

Treatments in 1900 included _______________

Answer 36

Daily alkaline sponge baths w/ vigorous firction, sugar of lead, opium, sugar free diet, low fluid intake

Question 37

Treatment in 1950s included

Answer 37

Insulin, strict diet, no alcohol, urine tests/insulin injections

Question 38

Who discovered insulin, and when?

Answer 38

Banting and Best, 1921

Question 39

How was insulin discovered?

Answer 39

Removing dog pancreases, blending and injecting into dogs, diabetes successfully treated (Further experiments showed insulin could treat diabetes and was purified)

Question 40

Insulin from animals was first used in ____________

Answer 40

1922

Question 41

When was the primary structure of insulin discovered?

Answer 41

1955

Question 42

When was the 1st synthetic insulin produced?

Answer 42

1966

Question 43

3D structure of insulin determined by _________________ in _____________

Answer 43

Hodgkin, 1969

Question 44

____________ makes 1st recombinant human insulin in _______

Answer 44

Genentech, 1978

Question 45

_________________ releases ________, 1st commercial product of recombinant DNA tech in ________

Answer 45

Eli Lilly and Co, Humulin, 1982

Question 46

Cons of early insulin

Answer 46

-Animal based -IM injections (5-18 mL) -Crude and impure -All short acting

Question 47

Later insulin

Answer 47

-rDNA origin/recombinant protein -Purified -Multiple types

Question 48

Long-acting insulin is taken _______

Answer 48

all day

Question 49

Short-acting insulin is taken _______

Answer 49

After a meal

Question 50

Treatment for type 1 diabetes

Answer 50

-Insulin -Blood sugar monitoring -Restrictive diet -Watching for complications -Glucose monitoring

Question 51

High ____ levels in _____ inhibit __________ that lets __________ leave cell, buildup of ____________ depolarizes via __________

Answer 51

ATP, Beta cell, potassium pump, potassium ions, voltage-dependent calcium channel

Question 52

Calcium is stored in the ________________ and can _____ cells.

Answer 52

Smooth ER, kill

Question 53

____________ triggers the fusion of insulin vesicles, dumping insulin into the bloodstream.

Answer 53

Calcium

Question 54

Preproinsulin

Answer 54

First form of insulin produced

Question 55

Proinsulin

Answer 55

N terminus is cut off

Question 56

Active insulin

Answer 56

Connecting sequence cut off

Question 57

Glucagon is ______ than insulin and exists as a _____

Answer 57

smaller, alpha helix