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MI Final exam > Type 1/2 diabetes > Flashcards

Type 1/2 diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 classes of hormones?

A

-Protein/peptides (EG Insulin/glucose)
-Steroids (Cholesterol based)

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2
Q

What type of disorder is diabetes?

A

Endocrine/hormone disorder

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3
Q

What type of disorder is diabetes mellitus, and what does mellitus mean?

A

“sweet”- endocrine disorder involving pancreatic cells

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4
Q

Alpha cells secrete

A

Glucagon

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5
Q

Beta cells secrete

A

Insulin

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6
Q

Where are alpha and beta cells found?

A

Islets of langerhans in pancreas

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7
Q

Insulin and glucose are ________________ that regulate _______________________ in ______________

A

peptide hormones, blood glucose, mg/DL

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8
Q

What is the ideal blood glucose range?

A

70-130

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9
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Stored glucose

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10
Q

_______________ tells liver to break down glycogen to release glucose into the blood

A

Glucagon

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11
Q

What is the difference between glucose handling in a diabetic vs a healthy person?

A

Normal glucose handling- filtered, 100% reabsorption
Diabetes mellitus- high glucose, not filtered properly leading to excretion in urine

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12
Q

Polyuria

A

Frequent urination

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13
Q

Polyphagia

A

Frequent eating

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14
Q

Polydipsia

A

Frequent thirst

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15
Q

Normal, prediabetic, diabetic A1C

A

5, 5.7-6.4, 6.5+

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16
Q

Normal, prediabetic, diabetic plasma glucose

A

Less than or equal to 99, 100-125, 126+

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17
Q

Normal, prediabetic, diabetic oral glucose tolerance (mg/DL)

A

Less than or equal to 139, 140-199, 200+

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18
Q

What does A1C look for?

A

RBCs carrying high amounts of sugar

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19
Q

Type 1 Diabetes age of onset

A

Any age, typically young

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20
Q

Type 1 Diabetes nature of onset

A

Sudden

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21
Q

Type 1 Diabetes ketoacidosis

A

Common

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22
Q

Type 1 Diabetes autoantibodies

A

Usually present

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23
Q

Type 1 Diabetes endogenous insulin

A

Low-absent

24
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Identical twin prevalence

A

50%

25
Q

Type 1 Diabetes prevalence

A

Less common

26
Q

Type 1 Diabetes body type

A

Thin/normal

27
Q

Type 2 diabetes age of onset

A

Usually adults

28
Q

Type 2 diabetes nature of onset

A

Gradual

29
Q

Type 2 diabetes Ketoacidosis

A

Rare

30
Q

Type 2 diabetes autoantibodies

A

Absent

31
Q

Type 2 diabetes endogenous insulin

A

Decreased, normal, increased

32
Q

Type 2 diabetes identical twin prevalence

A

90%

33
Q

Type 2 diabetes prevalence

A

90-95% of cases

34
Q

Type 1 diabetes mechanism

A

Not enough insulin is being produced

35
Q

Type 2 diabetes mechanism

A

Insensitivity, receptors are not responding due to overuse

36
Q

Treatments in 1900 included _______________

A

Daily alkaline sponge baths w/ vigorous firction, sugar of lead, opium, sugar free diet, low fluid intake

37
Q

Treatment in 1950s included

A

Insulin, strict diet, no alcohol, urine tests/insulin injections

38
Q

Who discovered insulin, and when?

A

Banting and Best, 1921

39
Q

How was insulin discovered?

A

Removing dog pancreases, blending and injecting into dogs, diabetes successfully treated (Further experiments showed insulin could treat diabetes and was purified)

40
Q

Insulin from animals was first used in ____________

A

1922

41
Q

When was the primary structure of insulin discovered?

A

1955

42
Q

When was the 1st synthetic insulin produced?

A

1966

43
Q

3D structure of insulin determined by _________________ in _____________

A

Hodgkin, 1969

44
Q

____________ makes 1st recombinant human insulin in _______

A

Genentech, 1978

45
Q

_________________ releases ________, 1st commercial product of recombinant DNA tech in ________

A

Eli Lilly and Co, Humulin, 1982

46
Q

Cons of early insulin

A

-Animal based
-IM injections (5-18 mL)
-Crude and impure
-All short acting

47
Q

Later insulin

A

-rDNA origin/recombinant protein
-Purified
-Multiple types

48
Q

Long-acting insulin is taken _______

A

all day

49
Q

Short-acting insulin is taken _______

A

After a meal

50
Q

Treatment for type 1 diabetes

A

-Insulin
-Blood sugar monitoring
-Restrictive diet
-Watching for complications
-Glucose monitoring

51
Q

High ____ levels in _____ inhibit __________ that lets __________ leave cell, buildup of ____________ depolarizes via __________

A

ATP, Beta cell, potassium pump, potassium ions, voltage-dependent calcium channel

52
Q

Calcium is stored in the ________________ and can _____ cells.

A

Smooth ER, kill

53
Q

____________ triggers the fusion of insulin vesicles, dumping insulin into the bloodstream.

A

Calcium

54
Q

Preproinsulin

A

First form of insulin produced

55
Q

Proinsulin

A

N terminus is cut off

56
Q

Active insulin

A

Connecting sequence cut off

57
Q

Glucagon is ______ than insulin and exists as a _____

A

smaller, alpha helix

MI Final exam (8 decks)

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