Tx Intervention Sup Flashcards
Reality principle
what the ego operates on
try to satisfy id within restraints of superego
Freud’s psychosexual stages
Oral: 0-1
Anal: 1-3
Phallic: 3-6
Latency: 6-puberty
Genital: puberty-death
oedipus complex
crucial experience during phallic stage (age 3-6). boy competes with father for mother’s attention
develop castration anxiety
girls develop penis envy
ID: jealousy, desire to eliminate father
ego: accept father will stay, direct anger elsewhere
defense mechanisms
developed by ego (unconsciously) to satisfy id within superego’s rules
list some defense mechanisms
repression: rejection of id
projection: attribute own unconscious desires to someone else
reaction formation: replacement of one unacceptable desire with its opposite
displacement: shift energy elsewhere
sublimation: mature convert libidinal drives into healthy and socially acceptable outlets
psychoanalysis strategies
id can’t be examined directly
free association
dream analysis
transference (pt projects own thoughts, emotions, drives onto therapist)
resistance
catharsis: emotional release
Jung
colleague of Freud
developed analytical psychology
unconscious has two levels: 1) individual/personal, 2) collective
collective consists of archetypes (the hero, Electra complex)
developed concept of introversion and extroversion (seeking pleasure within or outside of self)
Adler
people strive to create own style of life
split from Freud over his proposal of Aggressive Drive.
Greater focus on social context, healthy = more socially interested. inferiority/superiority. Birth order.
techniques:
Magic Wand
Prescribe symptom
Act “as if” (you are confident)
neo-Freudians
greater focus on social-cultural factors in development of personality (vs. personality as a result of instinctual drives)
Karen Horney
1939
feminist psychology
womb envy
maladaptie personality development happens due to basic anxiety resulting from poor relationships between child and parent.
to address, child moves toward, against, or away from others
Harry Stack Sullivan
1953
cognitive development important for forming personality. 3 stages:
1) protaxic: thoughts are independent from one another (infancy, schizophrenia)
2) parataxic: infer causal relationships when these don’t exist (causes neuroses)
3) syntaxic: logical, rational, symbolic cognition = healthy
Erich Fromm
5 character orientations
1 good: productive
4 bad:
receptive
exploitative
boarding
marketing
object-relations theory
focuses on individual’ s mental representations of themselves or others. can be good or bad objects
mental representations originate in childhood
Melanie Klein
Heinz Kohut
Donald Winnicott
ROnald Fairbarin
Margaret Mahler
life and death pulsations
eros
thanatos
psychoanalysis
rational emotive behavior therapy vs cognitive therapy
REBT more didactic and straightforward. Strong focus on rational vs irrational beliefs.
REBT: musterbatory (“must” “should”) thinking
ACT
psychological flexibility
mindfulness
6 modules:
1. cognitive defusion
2. acceptance
3. contacting the present moment
4. observing the self
5. client values
6. committed action
goal is NOT symptom reduction but rather to live a rich, meaningful life
biosocial theory of BPD
consistent pattern of invalidation
+
biological predisposition toward emotional dysregulation
dialectic behavior thearpy
teaches dialectics as a worldview: can experience BOTH
incl indiv, group therapy and phone coaching
TFCBT PRACTICE acronym
P: psychoeducation & parenting skills
R: relaxatoin
A: affective expression and regulation
C: cognitive coping
T: trauma narrative development
I: in vivo exposure
C: conjoint parent-child session
E: enhancing future safety
Rogers’ person centered therapy
psychopathology occurs when clients are accepted only in certain, specific circumstances (conditions of worth)
unconditional positive regard
therapist provides accurate empathy: recognition and understanding of the client’s lived experience
goal is to provide a corrective emotional experience
existential therapy
emphasizes philosophical rather than technical approach
goal is to increase clients’ awareness by moving toward authenticity, confronting normal “existential anxiety” and increase understanding of own freedom and responsibility to live their lives
Frankl (man’s search for meaning)
Yalom
Rollo May
James Bugental
Gestalt therapy
Fritz Perls
person cannot be understood out of their context
goal is for clients to become aware of who they are - only then can they effect change (paradoxical theory of change)
empty chair technique
feminist therapy
the person is political
view problems in sociopolitical and cultural context
client identities seen thru lens of privilege and oppression
Reality therapy
emphasizes client’s own role and responsibility in shaping their lives
all symptoms are misguided attempts at meeting own needs.
Glasser’s 5 basic needs:
survival
love/belonging
power/achievement
freedom/independence
fun
Motivational interviewing
reinforce client’s change talk
like Rogers’ person-centered therapy but more directive
stages of change in MI
precontemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance
4 principles of MI
- compassion
- collaboration
- evocation
- acceptance (acknowledge clients’ absolute worth, respect autonomy, affirm clients strengths/efforts, accurate empathy)
systems theory
views the family as a dynamic pattern of interpersonal relationships and interrelated interactions.
family tends towards homeostasis - especially families who emphasize negative feedback
closed vs. open systems: open more flexible, closed more rigid (and maladaptive).
communication theory
examines how information is transmitted and processed through humanc ommunicaiton.
in family, all behaviors are some sort of communication, no matter how subtle.
emphasizes importance of understanding power imbalances.
double-bind communication: aspects of a message contradict
metacommunication: messages contain both explicit and implicit content
double-bind communication
aspects of a message contradict
idea within communication theory
metacommunication
messages contain both explicit and implicit content
idea within communication theory
Murray Bowen
extended family systems therapy
Extended family systems therapy
Bowen
important to assess relationships between members of the extended family
genogram
multigenerational transmission process of familial dynamics
constructs within Bowenian Extended Family Systems theory
Differentiation of self
Triangulation
Nuclear family emotional patterns
Family projection process
Emotional cutoff
Sibling position (birth order)
Societal emotional processes
what is differentiation of self
in Bowenian family therapy
an individual’s ability to distinguish between their feelings and thoughts. Especially separating oneself from unhealthy family values while maintaining and appropriate emotional bond
What is triangulation
in Bowenian family therapy
2 individuals involve a third person in managing conflict.
therapist SHOULD use triangulation to manage conflict
what are nuclear family emotional patterns
in Bowenian family therapy
emotional styles passed down thru generations.
Family projection process
in Bowenian family therapy
tendency for family members to “project” dysfunctional emotional or cognitive patterns on a third party within the family, who then may have greater difficulty differentiating themselves from the dysfunction
Emotional cutoff
in Bowenian family therapy
family member who separates entirely from other members of the family, due to the family projection process.
this person is most likely to replicate dysfunctional familial patterns
Minuchin’s Structural Family Therapy
therapist seeks to adjust and alter dysfunctional family patterns and dynamics by “joining” the family system
incorporates both Systems theory and Communication theory
Family map: rules, messages, dynamics between family members. Therapist has to learn this and join.
Subsystems
Family structure: how fam members interact. this is implicit and unspoken
boundaries: enmeshed to disengaged
triangulation
Detouring
enactment
Strategic Family therapy
Jay Haley
address current, specific problem
therapist uses:
circular questioning (asking same question to each family member)
reframing specific behaviors
directives (giving commands)
three types of family therapy and how they differ
Systems: examine multigenerational family patterns
Structural: focused on hierarchies, family map
Strategic: focused on 1 problem
describe different types of psychotherapy groups
Process group: processing emotional issues shared by group members
Task groups: like study groups
Psychoeducational groups: psychoed
Brief group therapy: address specific problems or provide interventions to specific type of client
Yalom’s views on group therapy
group leader must be able to handle conflict and address transference and countertransference
co-therapists are helpful, esp when diff genders
identified 11 therapeutic factors.
Yalom and Leszcz’s 3 most important therapeutic factors for group therapy
cohesiveness within the group
catharsis
interpersonal learning
transtheoretical model of change
different interventions are appropriate at different MI stages of change
2 main processes of change:
1. experiential processes (e.g., catharsis, conscioucness raising)
2. behavioral processes (e.g., contingency mgmt, choosing).
some important common factors include:
Positive expectations (client expects therapy will help)
Therapeutic relationship: positive dynamic
Working/therapeutic alliance: quality of relationship
4 stages of Trioden’s model of Homosexual identity development
- sensitization
- identity confusion
- identity assumption
- commitment
Positive psychology
Seligman
strengths-based approach, focusing on 6 culture-free strengths.
Seligman’s 6 strengths
wisdom and knowledge
humanity
courage
justice
temperance
transcendence
job/work analysis in IO psych
involves the determination of what tasks make up a job, the tasks’ relative importance, and what knowledge, skills, and abilities are necessary to successfully carry out those tasks.
describe 3 different ways of evaluating job candidates
- multiple cutoff: applicant needs to meet minimum score on multiple measures
- multiple hurdle: applicant needs to pass 1 hurdle at a time
- multiple regression: strengths in one area can compensate for weaknesses in another
what is the halo effect
we judge a person that we like more favorably on all domains
describe a 360 degree feedback approach
get feedback regarding a person’s performance from multiple informants
describe different management/leadership styles (Theories)
Theory X: pessimistic, controlling, view employees as lazy
Theory Y: view employees as hard workers, believe employees contribute, encourage autonomy - McGregor
Theory Z: consensual decision making approach, holistic concern, moderate task specialization (based on Japanese ideals; compared to A) - Ouchi
Theory A: american ideals
Clifton views on managemnt
strength-based approach to mgmt:
2 styles of leadership
transactional: give orders, leader is in charge
transformational: aim to make positive changes in an organization
personality traits most strongly predictive of being a good leader
(CEO)
conscientousness
extraversion
openness to experience
job satisfaction is related to:
job turnover
absenteeism
work performance
organziational citizenship behaviork
three types of commitment to work
- affective/attitudinal: emotional attachment to the job
- continuance: leaving is too costly
- normative: sense of loyalty based on company investments
what is sports psychology
A proficiency that uses psychological knowledge and skills to address optimal performance and well-being of athletes, developmental and social aspects of sports participation, and stomach issues associated with sports settings and organizations.
three main strategies used in sports psych
- cognitive and behavioral skills to enhance athletic performance
- clinical/counseling interventions to enhance motivation or address problems
- consultation and training
7 theories used in career counseling
cognitive information processing
Holland’s persoanlity and environmental typology
Super’s career and life developmetn theory
Gottfredson’s theory of circumscription and compromise
Krumboltz’s two-part learning theory
LEnt’s social-cognitive career theory
Career construction theory
Cognitive Information Processing Theory
pyramid of three levels:
top: Metacognition
middle: CASVE
bottom: self- and occupation-knowledge
Super’s Career and Life Development Theory
developmental perspective, with shifting social roles and situations
Growth (4-13 y):
Exploration (14-24 y): explore options
Establishment (25-44y): stabilize and advance career
Maintenance (45-65 y): maintain work
Disengagement (>65y): slow pace, look to retirement
Gottfredson’s Theory of Circumscription and Compromise
how people manage career options accounting for social status and personality variables
4 developmental processes:
1. cognitive growth
2. self-creation
3. circumscription (has 4 stages)
4. compromise (has 3 factors)
Krumboltz’ Two-Part Learning Theory of Career Decision Making
there are 4 factors that account for an individual’s desire to pursue certain career paths:
1. genetic endowment/special abilities
2. environmental conditions/events
3. learning experiences
4. task-approach skills
also includes theory of career counseling: how counselors can support people in maing career decisions
Lent’s social cognitive career theory
emphasizes interaction between enviro and individual’s cognitions. How people become interested, select, perform well, and feel satisfied in jobs.
4 models:
interest model
choice model
performance model
satisfaction model
Career Construction THeory
postmodern approach
how people construct their own interpretations of the world and adapt to their environments
Cowen’s 4 components of wellness
competence
resilience
social-system modification
empowerment
what is a health promotion program
builds resilience
reduces risk
overall wellness enhancement
prevent or manage disease
what is resilience?
& what are some methods to build resilience?
adaptability to adversity
build and maintain healthy relationships
set and work towards goals
difference between primary and secondary and tertiary prevention
primary: before onset of problem
secondary: stops problem from worsening
tertiary: prevention of re-occurrence
Rodolfa’s three components of supervision
supervision parameters (evaluation, ethical/legal, supervision models, individual and relationship differences)
supervisee developmental level
supervisor tasks (supervision, documentation)
model of supervision emerging from psychoanalysis
focus on working alliance, parallel processes
quality of the relationship between supervisor and ee impacts professional growth
person-centered supervision
based on Rogers’ PCT (humanistic)
supervisor believes that trainees are highly motivated to grow and learn, have ability to progress
CBT modeled supervision
supervision is teaching appropriate behaviors, eliminating inappropriate behaviors
more structured, incl socratic questioning, more consultative
systemic supervision style
mirror supervision in the family structure
isomorphism
often do live supervision
constructivist style of supervision
truth and reality are in the eye of the beholder
collaboration to construct meaning in any given context
May be Narrative or Solution-focused
focus on supervisee strengths
Loganbill, Hardy, Delworth model of counselor development
3 developmental stages
- stagnation: trainee lacks awareness of own blindspots
- confusion: trainee aware of problems but not sure how to address
- integration: trainee takes on more responsibility for what happens in supervision
progress through these three stages for all `supervisory issues: ethics, competence, emotional awarness, etcc.
Integrated Developmental Model IDM - Stoltenberg
assess three domains: self-other awareness, motivation, autonomy
4 levels of therapist development
1: limited experience, dependent on supervisor
2: ambivalence re: competency and autonomy
3: more autonomy,
3i: high levels in all three domains
Ronnestad and Skovholt Model
therapist development across lifespan
Lay Helper Phase
Beginnign Student Phase
Advanced Student Phase
Novice Professional
Experienced Professional
Senior Professional
Three social role model theories
Discrimination model: supervisor addresses intervention, conceptualization, and personalization skills
Hawkins and Shohet Model: examine therapy and supervisory system, which overlap
Holloway Systems approach: What and How
Caplan’s 4 different types of mental health consultation
client-centered case consultation
consultee-centered case consultation
program-centered administrative consultation
consultee-centered administrative consultation
