Cog Affective Flashcards
what is sensation
detection of stimulation
Signal Detection Theory
explains how humans detect external stimuli and how they separate meaningful information from noise
Signal Detection Theory has been replaced by:
Optimal Estimation Theory or Statistical Decision Theory (bayesian)
what is response bias in signal detection theory
the propensity of an individual to categorize stimuli as targets vs. noise.
can be conservative, neutral, or liberal
What is discriminability signal detection theory?
the mathematical function of separation/spread
Separation is signal strength
Spread represents background noise
Perception
Detection and interpretation of sensory stimuli
How much of the brain is involved in visual processing
40%
What is hierarchical processing
A perceived stimulus undergoes successive extension
What is parallel processing
Stimulus is processed simultaneously by multiple areas and information is integrated together.
Describe the functional neuroanatomy of multi sensory integration
Involves frontal and parietal cortex, supported by cholinergic activity.
What can the word attention refer to
A global state such asleep or wakefulness
A selective process such as ignoring one stimulus in favor of the other.
What is attentional blindness?
Ignoring one stimulus by paying attention to another.
Example is gorilla suit
What are three reasons for limited attention resources
- Structural interference: the more similar to tests are the more they compete for attentional resources
- General resource: there is a limit to the extent of attention
- Behavioral coherence: limited behavioral resources
Attentional load theory
The degree to which ignored stimulus is processed depends on the extent of crossing required by the attended stimulus
2 types of attentional control
voluntary
reflexive
Conjunction search paradigm
Example of top down intentional control I have to find for example the O in green ink
Baddeley’s proposal for WM
phonological loop and visuospatial scratchpad - holds info in mind for a short short time
Carr thought intelligence was
the power of using categories
Howard Gardner
multiple intelligences, incl musical, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, interpersonal, etc.
Wechsler’s idea of intelligence
The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment
Research on theories of intelligence relies primarily on two kinds of evidence
structural rsch (factor analysis)
developmental rsch
Planning, Attention, Stimultaneous, and Successive model
theory of intelligence based on Luria’s 3-level thepry of higher cortical fxs:
1) regulation of cortical arousal and attn
2) receiving, processing, and retention of info,
3) programming, regulation, and verification of bx
Positive manifold
All variables are positively correlated, for example in intelligence testing
Spearman was a student of Wundt and his theory was
intelligence was comprised of:
g; general factor
s: specific factor
Thurstone theory of intelligence
higher order g factor, plus:
7-9 ability categories that are independent
Cattell’s contribution to intelligence
higher order g was comprised of:
general fluid (Gf)
general crystallized (Gc)
Cattell-Horn-Carrol three-stratum model…
…of intelligence, what most IQ tests are based on
3 layers:
narrow abilities
broad abilities
general abilities (like g)
How do fluid and crystallized intelligence change across lifespan
Crystallized intelligence increases over time, fluid intelligence shows inverse you shape with poor performance in early life and older adulthood
Classical conditioning
Pavlov
Linking an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned/conditioned response
John Watson
little Albert, classical conditioning
how is drug use related to classical conditioning
body may begin antagonistic response to substances when exposed to cues related to substance use
Thorndike
developed basics of operant conditioning
“the law of effect”
BF Skinner
coined term operant conditioning
difference btwn operant and classical conditioning
operant involves voluntary action
Premack principle
a bx that is done reliably can be used as a reinforcer for a bx that occurss less frequently
Modal model of memory
memory has three levels:
sensory memory
STM
LTM
retroactive interference
three types of LTM
declarative
implicit
emotional
two subtypes of declarative memory
semantic
episodic
prospective memory
memory for intentions; e.g., remembering that you need to do something
William James’ theory of emotional experience
AKA James-Lange theory
emotion is the psychological response to changes in the physical body
e.g., have increased HR after seeing a bear -> interpret increased HR as emotion ->”I must be scared”
Main critique of original SB scales
Have large reliance on language skills
not able to assess specific domains of intelligence - just gives IQ score
Cannon-Bard theory
of emotion
psychological experience of emotion occurs at the same time as physiological change
centers emotional experience on the thalamus.
Schacter and Singer’s theory of emotions
noticed that the same physiological response can lead to different emotional experiences
concluded that ppl have to cognitively appraise a situation to determine their emotional state
Lazarus’ model of emotional appraisal
1st: evaluate valence and threat
2nd: evaluate how to cope (resources, options)
Somatic marker hypothesis
Damasio
emotions (specifically physiological responses to emotions, like HR) guide decision making
implicates ventromedial PFC
two theories of emotion
1) all emotions are comprised of a few simple emotions (happy, sad, surprised, disgusted, angry, afraid)
2) dimensional model: emotions are a combo of physiological and psychological phenomena
Russell and Mehrabian’s dimensional theory of emotion
valence + arousal
Limbic system includes
amygdala
olfactory bulb
hypothalamus
hippocampus
mammillary bodies
septal nuclei
orbital frontal cortex
subcallosal gyrus
insular cortex
parahippocampal gyrus
cingulate gyrus
amygdala
located in anterior temporal lobe
involved in coordination of response to stress/fear, receives inputs from sensory sxs.
orbitofrontal cortex
regulation of emotional behavior
damage –> disinhibition
nucleus accumbens
in basal ganglia
“pleasure center”,” active in response to rewarding stimuli
implicated in depression, OCD
three components of motivation
arousal
direction
intensity
drive theory
of motivation
primary drives: biological/innate drives
secondary drives: not innate, do not directly support a biological need.
Clark Hull developed a formula to describe motivation using habit strength, drive strength and excitatory potential (how likely a person is to respond to the stimulus) - formula not useful practically
con of drive theory
doesn’t consider how secondary reinforcers (e.g., money) reduce drives
how does frustration impact motivation
frustration increases motivation more than reward does.
Abraham Maslow
need-based theory of motivation. *not supported by rsch
hierarchy of needs:
1. physiological
2. safety
3. love/belonging
4. esteem
5. self-actualization
Herzberg, Mausner, and Snyderman’s 2-factor theory of workplace motivation
intrinsic & extrinsic motivation
Atkinson and McClelland’s Need for Achievement Theory of motivation
motivation is governed by:
1. achievement (the need to feel accomplished)
2. authority (the need to lead and make an impact)
3. affiliation (the need to be liked and to develop social connections)
self-determination theory of motivation
humans have “inherent growth tendencies” that lead to consistent effort.
Three basic needs are: competence, relatedness, and autonomy
cognitive dissonance theory
Festinger (1957)
when people behave in a way that is inconsistent with their values/beliefs, they adjust their BELIEFS to manage the psychological tension
Expectancy theory of motivation
Vroom (1964)
Motivation is a combination of:
1. valence: how much a person values a conseequence
2. expectancy: belief that one has the skillls to achieve a certain goal
3. instrumentality
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Ellis
described importance of the interaction of cognition and emotion in normal and abnormal functioning
created Rational Emotive Behavior therapy - focusing on how thoughts determine emotion
Aaron Beck
expanded on the work of Ellis in developing Cognitive Therapy
introduced ideas of automatic thoughts, cognitive distortions
learned helplessness theory led to the development of _____ theory
Attributional theory: has to do with how people explain causes of behavior or events
found that learned helplessness is NOT a universal phenomenon.
Equity Theory
Adams 1965
individual assess the rewards from their work and if they are under- or over-rewarded, they experience distress and adjust bxs
Goal-setting theory
goals affect bx in 4 ways:
1. directing attention
2. mobilizing efforts/resources
3. encouraging persistence
4. facilitating development of strategies
(AMPS)
2 opposing theories re: how anxiety impacts performance
Conscious processing hypothesis: ^ anxiety, ^ conscious control, v automatic processing
processing efficiency theory: ^ anxiety, v WM capacity, v available resources.
cognitive interference theory
negative self-talk unrelated to the task interferes w/ a person’s ability to perform adequately (by drawing resources)
*important in sports psych!
