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EPPP kirsty > Cog Affective > Flashcards

Cog Affective Flashcards

1
Q

what is sensation

A

detection of stimulation

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2
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

explains how humans detect external stimuli and how they separate meaningful information from noise

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3
Q

Signal Detection Theory has been replaced by:

A

Optimal Estimation Theory or Statistical Decision Theory (bayesian)

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4
Q

what is response bias in signal detection theory

A

the propensity of an individual to categorize stimuli as targets vs. noise.

can be conservative, neutral, or liberal

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5
Q

What is discriminability signal detection theory?

A

the mathematical function of separation/spread

Separation is signal strength
Spread represents background noise

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6
Q

Perception

A

Detection and interpretation of sensory stimuli

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7
Q

How much of the brain is involved in visual processing

A

40%

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8
Q

What is hierarchical processing

A

A perceived stimulus undergoes successive extension

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9
Q

What is parallel processing

A

Stimulus is processed simultaneously by multiple areas and information is integrated together.

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10
Q

Describe the functional neuroanatomy of multi sensory integration

A

Involves frontal and parietal cortex, supported by cholinergic activity.

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11
Q

What can the word attention refer to

A

A global state such asleep or wakefulness

A selective process such as ignoring one stimulus in favor of the other.

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12
Q

What is attentional blindness?

A

Ignoring one stimulus by paying attention to another.

Example is gorilla suit

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13
Q

What are three reasons for limited attention resources

A
  1. Structural interference: the more similar to tests are the more they compete for attentional resources
  2. General resource: there is a limit to the extent of attention
  3. Behavioral coherence: limited behavioral resources
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14
Q

Attentional load theory

A

The degree to which ignored stimulus is processed depends on the extent of crossing required by the attended stimulus

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15
Q

2 types of attentional control

A

voluntary
reflexive

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16
Q

Conjunction search paradigm

A

Example of top down intentional control I have to find for example the O in green ink

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17
Q

Baddeley’s proposal for WM

A

phonological loop and visuospatial scratchpad - holds info in mind for a short short time

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18
Q

Carr thought intelligence was

A

the power of using categories

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19
Q

Howard Gardner

A

multiple intelligences, incl musical, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, interpersonal, etc.

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20
Q

Wechsler’s idea of intelligence

A

The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment

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21
Q

Research on theories of intelligence relies primarily on two kinds of evidence

A

structural rsch (factor analysis)

developmental rsch

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22
Q

Planning, Attention, Stimultaneous, and Successive model

A

theory of intelligence based on Luria’s 3-level thepry of higher cortical fxs:

1) regulation of cortical arousal and attn
2) receiving, processing, and retention of info,
3) programming, regulation, and verification of bx

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23
Q

Positive manifold

A

All variables are positively correlated, for example in intelligence testing

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24
Q

Spearman was a student of Wundt and his theory was

A

intelligence was comprised of:
g; general factor
s: specific factor

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25
Q

Thurstone theory of intelligence

A

higher order g factor, plus:

7-9 ability categories that are independent

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26
Q

Cattell’s contribution to intelligence

A

higher order g was comprised of:

general fluid (Gf)
general crystallized (Gc)

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27
Q

Cattell-Horn-Carrol three-stratum model…

A

…of intelligence, what most IQ tests are based on

3 layers:
narrow abilities
broad abilities
general abilities (like g)

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28
Q

How do fluid and crystallized intelligence change across lifespan

A

Crystallized intelligence increases over time, fluid intelligence shows inverse you shape with poor performance in early life and older adulthood

29
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Pavlov

Linking an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned/conditioned response

30
Q

John Watson

A

little Albert, classical conditioning

31
Q

how is drug use related to classical conditioning

A

body may begin antagonistic response to substances when exposed to cues related to substance use

32
Q

Thorndike

A

developed basics of operant conditioning

“the law of effect”

33
Q

BF Skinner

A

coined term operant conditioning

34
Q

difference btwn operant and classical conditioning

A

operant involves voluntary action

35
Q

Premack principle

A

a bx that is done reliably can be used as a reinforcer for a bx that occurss less frequently

36
Q

Modal model of memory

A

memory has three levels:
sensory memory
STM
LTM

37
Q

retroactive interference

A
38
Q

three types of LTM

A

declarative
implicit
emotional

39
Q

two subtypes of declarative memory

A

semantic
episodic

40
Q

prospective memory

A

memory for intentions; e.g., remembering that you need to do something

41
Q

William James’ theory of emotional experience

AKA James-Lange theory

A

emotion is the psychological response to changes in the physical body

e.g., have increased HR after seeing a bear -> interpret increased HR as emotion ->”I must be scared”

42
Q

Main critique of original SB scales

A

Have large reliance on language skills

not able to assess specific domains of intelligence - just gives IQ score

42
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

of emotion

psychological experience of emotion occurs at the same time as physiological change

centers emotional experience on the thalamus.

43
Q

Schacter and Singer’s theory of emotions

A

noticed that the same physiological response can lead to different emotional experiences

concluded that ppl have to cognitively appraise a situation to determine their emotional state

44
Q

Lazarus’ model of emotional appraisal

A

1st: evaluate valence and threat
2nd: evaluate how to cope (resources, options)

45
Q

Somatic marker hypothesis

A

Damasio

emotions (specifically physiological responses to emotions, like HR) guide decision making

implicates ventromedial PFC

46
Q

two theories of emotion

A

1) all emotions are comprised of a few simple emotions (happy, sad, surprised, disgusted, angry, afraid)

2) dimensional model: emotions are a combo of physiological and psychological phenomena

47
Q

Russell and Mehrabian’s dimensional theory of emotion

A

valence + arousal

48
Q

Limbic system includes

A

amygdala
olfactory bulb
hypothalamus
hippocampus
mammillary bodies
septal nuclei
orbital frontal cortex
subcallosal gyrus
insular cortex
parahippocampal gyrus
cingulate gyrus

49
Q

amygdala

A

located in anterior temporal lobe
involved in coordination of response to stress/fear, receives inputs from sensory sxs.

50
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A

regulation of emotional behavior

damage –> disinhibition

51
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

in basal ganglia
“pleasure center”,” active in response to rewarding stimuli

implicated in depression, OCD

52
Q

three components of motivation

A

arousal
direction
intensity

53
Q

drive theory

A

of motivation

primary drives: biological/innate drives
secondary drives: not innate, do not directly support a biological need.

Clark Hull developed a formula to describe motivation using habit strength, drive strength and excitatory potential (how likely a person is to respond to the stimulus) - formula not useful practically

54
Q

con of drive theory

A

doesn’t consider how secondary reinforcers (e.g., money) reduce drives

55
Q

how does frustration impact motivation

A

frustration increases motivation more than reward does.

56
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

need-based theory of motivation. *not supported by rsch

hierarchy of needs:
1. physiological
2. safety
3. love/belonging
4. esteem
5. self-actualization

57
Q

Herzberg, Mausner, and Snyderman’s 2-factor theory of workplace motivation

A

intrinsic & extrinsic motivation

58
Q

Atkinson and McClelland’s Need for Achievement Theory of motivation

A

motivation is governed by:
1. achievement (the need to feel accomplished)
2. authority (the need to lead and make an impact)
3. affiliation (the need to be liked and to develop social connections)

59
Q

self-determination theory of motivation

A

humans have “inherent growth tendencies” that lead to consistent effort.

Three basic needs are: competence, relatedness, and autonomy

60
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

Festinger (1957)

when people behave in a way that is inconsistent with their values/beliefs, they adjust their BELIEFS to manage the psychological tension

61
Q

Expectancy theory of motivation

A

Vroom (1964)

Motivation is a combination of:
1. valence: how much a person values a conseequence
2. expectancy: belief that one has the skillls to achieve a certain goal
3. instrumentality

(

62
Q

Ellis

A

described importance of the interaction of cognition and emotion in normal and abnormal functioning

created Rational Emotive Behavior therapy - focusing on how thoughts determine emotion

63
Q

Aaron Beck

A

expanded on the work of Ellis in developing Cognitive Therapy

introduced ideas of automatic thoughts, cognitive distortions

64
Q

learned helplessness theory led to the development of _____ theory

A

Attributional theory: has to do with how people explain causes of behavior or events

found that learned helplessness is NOT a universal phenomenon.

65
Q

Equity Theory

A

Adams 1965
individual assess the rewards from their work and if they are under- or over-rewarded, they experience distress and adjust bxs

66
Q

Goal-setting theory

A

goals affect bx in 4 ways:
1. directing attention
2. mobilizing efforts/resources
3. encouraging persistence
4. facilitating development of strategies

(AMPS)

67
Q

2 opposing theories re: how anxiety impacts performance

A

Conscious processing hypothesis: ^ anxiety, ^ conscious control, v automatic processing

processing efficiency theory: ^ anxiety, v WM capacity, v available resources.

68
Q

cognitive interference theory

A

negative self-talk unrelated to the task interferes w/ a person’s ability to perform adequately (by drawing resources)

*important in sports psych!

EPPP kirsty (9 decks)

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