Development Flashcards
Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory
children are “little scientists,” actively constructing their cognitive worlds
development is characterized by working towards a conceptual and symbolically-represented cognitive world
assimilation (per Piaget)
incorporation of new info/experiences into an existing schema
accommodation (per Piaget)
adjusting a schema to take into account new info
equilibration (per Piaget)
children balance assimilation and accommodation
Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational
6 stages of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage
- simple reflexes
- 1st habits and primary circular reactions (1-4 mo)
- secondary circular reactions (4-8 mo)
- coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12mo)
- tertiary circular reactions (12-18 mo)
- internalization of schemata (18-24 mo)
Piaget’s preoperational stage
kids use mental representations to understand the world and begin to reason.
egocentric thinking, magical beliefs
2 substages:
1. symbolic function substage: can mentallly represent an objet that is not there
2. intuitive thought substage: begins to use simple reasoning, ask why
Piaget’s concrete operational stage
7-11 yrs
children can reason logically in specific or concrete examples
conservation (liquid in beaker)
Piaget’s formal operational stage:
11-15 yrs thru adulthood
characterized by abstract, idealistic, and logical thinking
criticism of Piaget
cog dev is less abrupt and stage-like
underestimated young childrens’ competence
overesttimated adolescent cog abilities
over-reliance on physical and motor skills
Vygotsky’s theory
social interaction and cultural context shape children’s thinking
zone of proximal development
Bronfenbrenner
bioecological systems theory
emphasizes importance of environmental factors on individual development
Macro
Exo
Meso
Micro system
critiques of Bronfenbrenner
not enough consideration of biological or cognitive factors
Dynamic systems theory
Esther Thelen
mind, body, and social worlds form an integrated system that guides mastery of new skills
dynamic because a change in one part disrupts other areas
Selective Optimization with Compensation model (SOC)
Baltes et al
3 factors critical to successful aging across the lifespan:
1. selection of desired goals
2. optimization of actions and abilities
3. compensation, or adjustment of goals/strategies in response to losses of capacity
cell layers in embryonic period
ectoderm -> skin, nerves, sensory organs
mesoderm -> muscle, bones, circulatory system, some organs
endoderm -> digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, glands
before X is premature
37 weeks
low birth weight:
very low birth weight:
5.5 lbs
2.5 lbs
APGAR stands for
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
scored 0-2
>7 means healthy
<4 critical condition
directionality of how body proportions change: tends to be
cephalocaudal (head to tail)
proximodistal (from inside outwards)
age at which kids tend to show gender constancy
6-7yo
self-concept includes:
knowledge components
evaluative components
theories about temperament
Thomas & Chess: identified 9 temperament traits, could classify 65% of kids into 1/3 groups
Kagan: 2 categories: inhibited vs. uninhibited
Rothbart & Bates: 3 dimensions: extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, effortful control
dual processing theory in adolescence
more risky behaviors because:
1. reward-seeking areas of the brain are rapidly developing
2. cognitive control mechinisms with effortful control and self-regulation develop later
4 attachment types, per Ainsworth/Bowlby
secure
avoidant
ambivalent/resistant
disorganized
critiques of Strange situation
healthy attachment varies in different cultures
focuses mostly on Mother, not other relationships
atypical setting
Kohlberg’s Moral Judgment ideas
6 stages:
Preconventional (stages 1-2)
3 interpersonal accord, following social norms
4. adhering to laws
5. postconventional: moral principles
6. moral reasonin gbased on abstract universal ethical principles
Erikson’s 8-stage theory: first 4 stages
infancy: trust vs. mistrust
early childhood: autonomy vs. shame and doubt
preschool: initiative vs. guilt
school age: industry vs. inferiority
Erikson’s 8-stage theory: last 4 stages
adolescence: identity vs. role confusion
young adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation
middle adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation
maturity: ego integrity vs. despair
