Two Systems

Question 1

What is the kouros?

Answer 1

An Ancient Greek statue of a nude male youth standing with the left leg forward and the arms at the sides

Question 2

What was the debate about the Getty kouros?

Answer 2

There was a greek statue of it, some people weren’t sure if it was real or a forgery. The supporting documents were shown to be poor forgeries, people made quick reasoning about this. Scientific evidence is inconclusive

Question 3

How many types of thinking are there?

Answer 3

Two types of thinking, some circumstances where quick thinking is better than slow thinking

Question 4

Poster experiment

Answer 4

Choose 5 posters in 3 conditions:
deliberate consideration
make quick decision
look at posters, solve anagrams, make quick decisions

immediately after, the deliberation group were most satisfied with the posters, a month later, the third group were more satisfied

Question 5

Decisions about if relationships will last or if doctors should be sued

Answer 5

People only thought that relationships would last if the talk was about relationships

Decisions about whether doctors should be sued for malpractice - based on conversations between doctors and patients, info about training was not useful

Evidence that good decisions are the best

Question 6

When do fast decisions go wrong?

Answer 6

Thinking tall people will make good presidents (the halo effect, quick but inaccurate)

Judgements made about unfamiliar items - will be wrong

Judgements made out of contexts

Judgements made under stress

Question 7

Why are judgements made out of context bad?

Answer 7

The pepsi challenge and coke, most people prefer pepsi so coke came up with a new recipe that was a disaster. Coke sells more than pepsi

Question 8

Why are judgements made under stress bad?

Answer 8

Police gunmen not reading information from faces correctly, they make mistakes here as under stress

Question 9

Versions of the two systems theory

Answer 9

Associative thought and reasoning

Distinction between heuristic and algorithmic methods

Intuition and reasoning

Two types of rationality

Question 10

Stanvich and West

Answer 10

These were the first people to set out a lot of detail about both of these systems

Question 11

What is system 1?

Answer 11

Fast, automatic, little or no effort, no voluntary control

highly active

Question 12

What is system 2?

Answer 12

Slow allocation of effort, complex computations, feeling of agency, might be identified with the self, runs in low effort mode
when it has to be switched to high effort, attention becomes focused

Question 13

Example of switching system 2 on

Answer 13

Invisible gorilla - high number of people don’t see it when other things are going on

Question 14

Wason selection task

Answer 14

Participants have to come up with a fast answer to the question, distinguishing between fast and slow - different brain regions are involved

Question 15

Unconscious influences on system 1

Answer 15

There are a lot of influences that we are not aware of, that may influence our thinking in ways that system 2 might not approve of

Question 16

Unconscious influences on system 1 - unscramble words to make sentences

Answer 16

If words are associated with the elderly, when they walk down the corridor, they walk slower

Question 17

Unconscious influences on system 1 - waking slowly

Answer 17

Walking slowly primes words associated with old age

Question 18

Unconscious influences on system 1 - holding pencil

Answer 18

Asked to hold a pencil in-between your lips (causes you to frown) or teeth (smile)
then asked to look at cartoons
rated cartoon less or more abusing - more when in teeth

weren’t aware of this effect

Question 19

Unconscious influences on system 1 - voting

Answer 19

More likely to vote for increased funding for schools if voting station is in school

Question 20

Unconscious influences on system 1 - lying on the phone

Answer 20

Lying on the phone leads to a preference for mouthwash over soap

Lying over email leads to a preference for soap over mouthwash

Question 21

Unconscious influences on system 1 - subtle money

Answer 21

Subtle money primes make people more individualistic and selfish

Question 22

Unconscious influences on system 1 not caught by system 2

Answer 22

Picture of face (eyes watching you) vs flowers, significantly increased money put into honesty box for coffee in academic kitchen

most of these effects are not noticed - system 2 is unaware of this influence

Question 23

Cognitive ease - when thinking seems easy, what happens?

Answer 23

Rely on system 1

lead to illusions of truth, accepts things as face value, doesn’t need evidence

Question 24

Trick maths questions - cognitive strain

Answer 24

Slightly difficult, trick maths questions were solved more successfully in difficult to rad font

Question 25

Mere exposure effect

Answer 25

Take things as face value more when in a good mood

Question 26

What does a good mood do?

Answer 26

Increase the likelihood of guessing in 2 seconds whether there is a solution to a remote associations problem - but doesn’t work if good mood is due to external stimulus - music playing

Question 27

What does system 1 do?

Answer 27

It is biased to believe- hence confirmation bias
seems causal patterns, even if they don’t exist
uses prototypes, good with averages, poor with sums
halo effect
primacy effect

Question 28

Primacy effects - Asch

Answer 28

Description of 2 people
same list of features, but in first case, the good features were listed first (primacy effect). in second case, bad features were first, Rate Alan nicer than ben

Question 29

What can the behaviour of system 1 be described as?

Answer 29

What you see is all there is

explains: overconfidence, base rate neglect and framing

Question 30

What does system 1 not care about?

Answer 30

Quantity and quality of information - doesn’t care if there is research to support it
jumps to conclusions

Question 31

What is system 2?

Answer 31

Lazy and easily fatigued

Question 32

System 2 - remembering digits

Answer 32

Giving someone a hard task, when they get to end decision, tend to want cake
More likely to chose chocolate cake over fruit salad - even though they know salad is better

Question 33

System 2 - parole judges

Answer 33

Parole judges grant 65% of applications following a food break, has a serious consequences. As tired and hungry, they fall back on easy option and grant more parole

Question 34

System 2 being lazy and missing mistakes

Answer 34

A bat and ball cost 1.10 - the bat costs 1 pound more than the ball, 50% of students say the ball costs 10p - people who don’t check (system 2), the plausible (system 1) answer are more likely to be impulsive, impatient and in trouble

Question 35

The big picture

Answer 35

System 1 is mostly accurate but sometimes makes errors (virtual illusions, cognitive illusions, errors of judgement about people)

System 2 may not recognise that such errors have been made

Question 36

What is substitution?

Answer 36

Substituting of a simpler question for a harder one, sometimes we need to make more complicated decisions

Question 37

What can substitution lead too?

Answer 37

Incorrect judgements - people can form an evaluation of dominance and trustworthiness from a face rapidly - thinking that taller candidates are more confident and aspects of chin and smile lead to trustworthiness
Election winners 70% of time score higher on these but there is no evidence that these measures correlate with how well people do in an office

Question 38

A consequence of substitution - order of questions

Answer 38

How happy are you these days
How many dates have you had in the last month?
in this order, no correlation
in other order, high correlation between dates and happiness

Question 39

What is the affect heuristic?

Answer 39

Our likes and dislikes determine our beliefs

Question 40

What happens with emotions in the systems?

Answer 40

System 2 is more likely to agree with system 1, less likely to come interplay, doesn’t want to correct its conclusions
perceived benefits of technologies correlate highly with perceived risks
impaired affect associated with impaired decision making

Question 41

A consequence of the affect heuristic?

Answer 41

would you were hitlers sweater? if you found it belonged to an unpleasant person, less likely to wear it - example of contagion - feeling like you will be affected by something

liklihood of contracting flu from nursing a friend vs a stranger vs an enemy or how badly ill you think you would get nursing these:
degree of illness dependent on relationship