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NSTP MCAT > Tutoring - Bio / Biochem > Flashcards

Tutoring - Bio / Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

Glycolysis totals

A

*Substrate Level Phosphorylation
2 Net ATP
2 NADH

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2
Q

Pyruvic processings

A

Pyruvic acid is prepared into Acetyl CoA so it can enter Karen’s (yields CO2 and NADH)

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3
Q

Krebs totals

A

8 NADH
6 CO2
2 ATP
2 FADH2

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4
Q

ETC

A

*Oxidative level phosphorylation

Total yield of cellular respiration = 36 ATP

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5
Q

Ethanol fermentation and Krebs cycle —>

A

CO2

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6
Q

Nucleosides

A

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

AT. CG

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7
Q

RNA Properties

A
  1. Single stranded
  2. Uracil
  3. Ribose
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8
Q

DNA Properties

A
  1. Double stranded
  2. Thymine (methylated Uracil)
  3. Deoxyribose
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9
Q

Transcription

A

“Script” or “scribe”
Rewriting (from DNA to RNA)
You did not change languages (nucleotides)

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10
Q

Translation

A

Translate into new language from RNA (neucleotides) into proteins (amino acids)

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11
Q

Transcription

A
  • one area of the DNA copied
  • single stranded
  • RNA polymerase
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12
Q

Replication

A
  • all of it copied
  • double stranded
  • DNA polymerase
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13
Q

ORF

A

Open reading frame

Where translation reads START to END

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14
Q

Eukaryotic

A

= monocistronic
One ORF read as many times as necessary to make the same protein, then destroyed as a method of control of # of proteins

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15
Q

Prokaryotic

A

= polycistronic
Many ORF but the proteins that’ll be synthesized are related (all used for same function)
Sections in between ORF that say stop/start

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16
Q

HnRNA

A

Heteronuclear RNA
Eukaryotic precursor for mRNA
Immature mRNA
Gets processed w/ 5’ cap and 3’ poly- A tail (needs tail and cap because RNA in cytosine gets degraded b/c without them cytosol sees the RNA as a virus)

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17
Q

Prokaryotic Transcription

A

3 stages:
Initiation
Elongation
Termination

PRIBNOW BOX
*One type of RNA polymerase
Occurs in cytoplasm, no nucleus —> no need for processing —> ready to go
Translation starts WHILE transcription is ongoing

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18
Q

PRIBNOW BOX

A

Promoter sequence to start transcription

“Hey RNA polymerase, bind here!”

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19
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription

A

Must be processed before translation occurs
This prevents EXOnucleases in cytoplasm from digesting the mRNA
*3 types of RNA polymerases

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20
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription RNA Polymerases

A

“Are empty”
RNA Polymerase I = rRNA
RNA Polymerase II = mRNA
RNA Polymerase III = tRNA

  • Unnecessary for some proteins
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21
Q

Splicing

A 
Introns = intruding —> splice them out
Exons = expressed and exit the nucleus to get translated
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22
Q

Alternative splicing

A

Various options/patterns

Where you splice depends on which proteins you want to form

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23
Q

Translation

A

Purpose is to create protein

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24
Q

tRNA shape

A

Clover

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25
Anticodon
3 nucleotides COMPLEMENTARY to mRNA codon | Bottom of tRNA clover
26
Codon
3 nucleotides in a specific sequence that indicate for a specific amino acid On mRNA strand where Anticodon on the tRNA is complementary to
27
Wobble hypothesis
``` Last of the 3 is flexible Allows for fewer tRNA 1 2 3 ABC ABD ABE ```
28
Energy to make a Protein
Thermodynamically unfavorable but kinetically slow —> eventually will die/slow down —> old age Series of unfavorable Rxns forcing them to be favorable: Hydrolyze 2 high energy phosphate bonds to get AA to stick to tRNA (unfavorable bond), it wants to break off —> energy released. This release come from the breaking of the aminoacyl—tRNA bond that drives peptide bond formation forward
29
The driving force for BOTH processes is
... the removal and subsequent hydrolysis of pyrophasephate from each amino acid added to the chain, w/ the existing chain acting as a nucleophile. The nitrogen of the last AA attacks the carbonyl carbon of the new AA and tRNA = leaving group
30
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Enzyme specific to each AA —> Brings AA to tRNA Goes and gets AA and brings it to tRNA taxi, tRNA taxi cab simply holds AA and brings it to the growing peptide/ribosome, then the growing peptide attacks AA and kicks off tRNA —> then settles in at end of growing peptide as the next AA in sequence
31
Prokaryotic ribosomes
Are odd 70s (2 subunits, small and large) = 30s and 50s
32
Eukaryotic ribosomes
80s (2 subunits, small and large) | = 40s and 60s
33
APE sites
Aminoacyl-tRNA site = Acceptor Site Peptidyl-tRNA site = Polymeration Site (growing site) Exit site = where now empty tRNA sits before release from ribosome
34
Start Codons
AUG
35
Stop Codons
UAA UAG UGA
36
Monomers in Transcription
Nucleus Acids (for DNA / RNA)
37
Monomers in Translation
Amino Acids
38
Hershey-Chase
Is Genetic material DNA or Protein? | Radioactively labeled phosphorus vs. sulfur
39
Meselson-Stahl
What is DNA replication model? SEMICONSERVATIVE Grow in heavy vs light nitrogen Nitrogen weights used —> N14, N15 —> Avg weight 14.5
40
Kingdoms
``` Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protists Fungi Plantar Animalia ```
41
Protists
Usually single celled
42
Fungi
Mostly multicellular ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPHS Digest food outside
43
Plantae
Mostly multicellular | *Autotrophs
44
Animalia
Multicellular | *Heterotrophs
45
Symbiosis
1. Mutualism 2. Commensalism 3. Parasitisim
46
Mutualism
Both benefit
47
Commensalism
One benefits | Other is neutral
48
Parasitism
One benefits | Other suffers
49
Vector
Carries the disease | Allowing it to transmit from one organism
50
Virus
All have same basic structure | Protein coat surrounding genetic material (RNA / DNA)
51
Virus general life cycle
Phase dNA tells cell to make more viruses, so many that cell lyses
52
Lytic cycle
Phase DNA tells cell to make more viruses, so many that cell lyses
53
Lysogenic cycle
Virus is latent, host cell isn’t hurt Virus incorporates into cell chromosome and is replicated alongside host DNA — Viral DNA passed on during cell division — appropriate conditions (stress), virus excises from chromosome —> lytic —> kills host
54
Bacteriophage
Virus infrects bacteria
55
Bacteriophage structure
``` Head = Capsid Tail = Sheath + Tail fibers ```
56
Animal viruses
Super diverse Double stranded RNA / DNA
57
Example of Aminal Virus —> HIV
HIV attaches to receptors on host (CD4 helper T cells), enters via endcyotsis, reverse transcriptase (viral enzyme) converts viral RNA into DNA so it can incorporate w/ cell DNA, new viral particles leave via exocytosis —> so virus doesn’t always kill host
58
Bacteria
All prokaryotes All single circular chromosome (some have EXTRA circles = plasmid) MOST cell wall peptidoglycas, binary fission
59
Auto
Use CO2 as carbon source
60
Hetero
Use another source
61
Photo
Make food via photosynthesis
62
Chemo
Get energy from inorganic substance
63
Most pathogens
Chemoheterotrophs —> parasites —> saprobes - nutrients from waste/ org remains
64
Coccus
Circle
65
Baccilius
Bar (rod)
66
Spiral
Spiral
67
Gram stain +
One layer
68
Gram stain -
2 layer, inner = peptidoglycan | Since inner, it doesn’t get stained well

NSTP MCAT (18 decks)

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