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NSTP MCAT > Tutoring - Bio / Biochem > Flashcards

Tutoring - Bio / Biochem Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Glycolysis totals

A

*Substrate Level Phosphorylation
2 Net ATP
2 NADH

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2
Q

Pyruvic processings

A

Pyruvic acid is prepared into Acetyl CoA so it can enter Karen’s (yields CO2 and NADH)

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3
Q

Krebs totals

A

8 NADH
6 CO2
2 ATP
2 FADH2

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4
Q

ETC

A

*Oxidative level phosphorylation

Total yield of cellular respiration = 36 ATP

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5
Q

Ethanol fermentation and Krebs cycle —>

A

CO2

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6
Q

Nucleosides

A

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

AT. CG

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7
Q

RNA Properties

A
  1. Single stranded
  2. Uracil
  3. Ribose
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8
Q

DNA Properties

A
  1. Double stranded
  2. Thymine (methylated Uracil)
  3. Deoxyribose
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9
Q

Transcription

A

“Script” or “scribe”
Rewriting (from DNA to RNA)
You did not change languages (nucleotides)

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10
Q

Translation

A

Translate into new language from RNA (neucleotides) into proteins (amino acids)

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11
Q

Transcription

A
  • one area of the DNA copied
  • single stranded
  • RNA polymerase
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12
Q

Replication

A
  • all of it copied
  • double stranded
  • DNA polymerase
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13
Q

ORF

A

Open reading frame

Where translation reads START to END

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14
Q

Eukaryotic

A

= monocistronic
One ORF read as many times as necessary to make the same protein, then destroyed as a method of control of # of proteins

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15
Q

Prokaryotic

A

= polycistronic
Many ORF but the proteins that’ll be synthesized are related (all used for same function)
Sections in between ORF that say stop/start

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16
Q

HnRNA

A

Heteronuclear RNA
Eukaryotic precursor for mRNA
Immature mRNA
Gets processed w/ 5’ cap and 3’ poly- A tail (needs tail and cap because RNA in cytosine gets degraded b/c without them cytosol sees the RNA as a virus)

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17
Q

Prokaryotic Transcription

A

3 stages:
Initiation
Elongation
Termination

PRIBNOW BOX
*One type of RNA polymerase
Occurs in cytoplasm, no nucleus —> no need for processing —> ready to go
Translation starts WHILE transcription is ongoing

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18
Q

PRIBNOW BOX

A

Promoter sequence to start transcription

“Hey RNA polymerase, bind here!”

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19
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription

A

Must be processed before translation occurs
This prevents EXOnucleases in cytoplasm from digesting the mRNA
*3 types of RNA polymerases

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20
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription RNA Polymerases

A

“Are empty”
RNA Polymerase I = rRNA
RNA Polymerase II = mRNA
RNA Polymerase III = tRNA

  • Unnecessary for some proteins
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21
Q

Splicing

A 
Introns = intruding —> splice them out
Exons = expressed and exit the nucleus to get translated
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22
Q

Alternative splicing

A

Various options/patterns

Where you splice depends on which proteins you want to form

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23
Q

Translation

A

Purpose is to create protein

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24
Q

tRNA shape

A

Clover

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25
Q

Anticodon

A

3 nucleotides COMPLEMENTARY to mRNA codon

Bottom of tRNA clover

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26
Q

Codon

A

3 nucleotides in a specific sequence that indicate for a specific amino acid
On mRNA strand where Anticodon on the tRNA is complementary to

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27
Q

Wobble hypothesis

A 
Last of the 3 is flexible
Allows for fewer tRNA
1 2 3
ABC
ABD
ABE
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28
Q

Energy to make a Protein

A

Thermodynamically unfavorable but kinetically slow —> eventually will die/slow down —> old age

Series of unfavorable Rxns forcing them to be favorable:
Hydrolyze 2 high energy phosphate bonds to get AA to stick to tRNA (unfavorable bond), it wants to break off —> energy released. This release come from the breaking of the aminoacyl—tRNA bond that drives peptide bond formation forward

29
Q

The driving force for BOTH processes is

A

… the removal and subsequent hydrolysis of pyrophasephate from each amino acid added to the chain, w/ the existing chain acting as a nucleophile. The nitrogen of the last AA attacks the carbonyl carbon of the new AA and tRNA = leaving group

30
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

Enzyme specific to each AA —> Brings AA to tRNA
Goes and gets AA and brings it to tRNA taxi, tRNA taxi cab simply holds AA and brings it to the growing peptide/ribosome, then the growing peptide attacks AA and kicks off tRNA —> then settles in at end of growing peptide as the next AA in sequence

31
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes

A

Are odd
70s (2 subunits, small and large)
= 30s and 50s

32
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes

A

80s (2 subunits, small and large)

= 40s and 60s

33
Q

APE sites

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA site = Acceptor Site
Peptidyl-tRNA site = Polymeration Site (growing site)
Exit site = where now empty tRNA sits before release from ribosome

34
Q

Start Codons

A

AUG

35
Q

Stop Codons

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

36
Q

Monomers in Transcription

A

Nucleus Acids (for DNA / RNA)

37
Q

Monomers in Translation

A

Amino Acids

38
Q

Hershey-Chase

A

Is Genetic material DNA or Protein?

Radioactively labeled phosphorus vs. sulfur

39
Q

Meselson-Stahl

A

What is DNA replication model?
SEMICONSERVATIVE
Grow in heavy vs light nitrogen
Nitrogen weights used —> N14, N15 —> Avg weight 14.5

40
Q

Kingdoms

A 
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plantar
Animalia
41
Q

Protists

A

Usually single celled

42
Q

Fungi

A

Mostly multicellular
ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPHS
Digest food outside

43
Q

Plantae

A

Mostly multicellular

*Autotrophs

44
Q

Animalia

A

Multicellular

*Heterotrophs

45
Q

Symbiosis

A
  1. Mutualism
  2. Commensalism
  3. Parasitisim
46
Q

Mutualism

A

Both benefit

47
Q

Commensalism

A

One benefits

Other is neutral

48
Q

Parasitism

A

One benefits

Other suffers

49
Q

Vector

A

Carries the disease

Allowing it to transmit from one organism

50
Q

Virus

A

All have same basic structure

Protein coat surrounding genetic material (RNA / DNA)

51
Q

Virus general life cycle

A

Phase dNA tells cell to make more viruses, so many that cell lyses

52
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Phase DNA tells cell to make more viruses, so many that cell lyses

53
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Virus is latent, host cell isn’t hurt
Virus incorporates into cell chromosome and is replicated alongside host DNA
— Viral DNA passed on during cell division
— appropriate conditions (stress), virus excises from chromosome —> lytic —> kills host

54
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus infrects bacteria

55
Q

Bacteriophage structure

A 
Head = Capsid
Tail = Sheath + Tail fibers
56
Q

Animal viruses

A

Super diverse
Double stranded
RNA / DNA

57
Q

Example of Aminal Virus —> HIV

A

HIV attaches to receptors on host (CD4 helper T cells), enters via endcyotsis, reverse transcriptase (viral enzyme) converts viral RNA into DNA so it can incorporate w/ cell DNA, new viral particles leave via exocytosis —> so virus doesn’t always kill host

58
Q

Bacteria

A

All prokaryotes
All single circular chromosome (some have EXTRA circles = plasmid)
MOST cell wall peptidoglycas, binary fission

59
Q

Auto

A

Use CO2 as carbon source

60
Q

Hetero

A

Use another source

61
Q

Photo

A

Make food via photosynthesis

62
Q

Chemo

A

Get energy from inorganic substance

63
Q

Most pathogens

A

Chemoheterotrophs
—> parasites
—> saprobes - nutrients from waste/ org remains

64
Q

Coccus

A

Circle

65
Q

Baccilius

A

Bar (rod)

66
Q

Spiral

A

Spiral

67
Q

Gram stain +

A

One layer

68
Q

Gram stain -

A

2 layer, inner = peptidoglycan

Since inner, it doesn’t get stained well

NSTP MCAT (18 decks)

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