The Endocrine System

Question 1

Endocrine vs. Exocrine

Answer 1

Endocrine = secreted into circulatory system
Exocrine = secreted into ducts

Question 2

Exocrine glands

Answer 2

Sweat glands (sweat)
Sebaceous gland (skin oil)
Ceruminous glands (earwax)
Mammary glands (breast milk)
Salivary glands (saliva)
Lacrimal glands (tears)
Mucous glands (mucus)

Question 3

Endocrine glands

Answer 3

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid
Adrenal cortex
Medulla
Pancreas
Gonads

Question 4

Both Exocrine and Endocrine

Answer 4

Pancreas

Liver

Question 5

Pancreas

Answer 5

Exocrine –> Digestive enzymes through ducts

Endocrine –> hormones like insulin and glucagon

Question 6

Liver

Answer 6

Exocrine –> secretes bile through bile duct

Endocrine –> secretes hormones like angiotensinogen

Question 7

Paracrine signaling

Answer 7

Signaling molecule that acts on nearby cells

Involved in differentiation in embryonic development

Question 8

Endocrine signaling

Answer 8

Long-distance effects

Question 9

Juxtacrine signaling

Answer 9

More local than paracrine

Question 10

Merocrine

Answer 10

secretion through exocytosis

Question 11

Eccrine

Answer 11

Merocrine cells in sweat glands

Question 12

Holocrine

Answer 12

Secretion from rupture of the plasma membrane destroying the cell and releasing its product from the cytoplasm into the lumen

Question 13

Peptide hormones

Answer 13

Polypeptide chain
Chain of amino acids
Hydrophilic

Question 14

Steroid hormones

Answer 14

Lipid cholesterol

4 ring structure

Question 15

Peptide hormone characteristics

Answer 15

Rapid onset
Short-term
Hydrophilic
Diffuse freely in the blood
Cannot diffuse freely across the lipid bilayer membrane of their target cells
Receptors on outside of cell membrane –> conformational change –> effect on target (effector) through 2nd messenger (cAMP, cGMP, or IP3)

Question 16

Steroid hormones characteristics

Answer 16

Slow onset
Long-term
Hydrophobic
Not soluble in the bloodstream
Require transport proteins
Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane
In cell, bind to nuclear receptors –> conformational change –> translocated into nucleus –> complex bind to DNA and affect gene transcription

Question 17

Second messenger system

Answer 17

Hormone is the first messenger results in signal cascade –> rapid amplification within cell –> impact on cellular function

Question 18

Peptide hormone production

Answer 18

1. Translated into preprohoromones
2. Processed in Golgi
3. Cleaved by endopeptidases and modified by addition of carbs
4. Final active form of hormone
5. Packaged into vesicles
6. Released through exocytosis

Question 19

Peptide hormone precursor

Answer 19

Amino Acids

Question 20

Steroid hormone precursor

Answer 20

Cholesterol (lipid)

Question 21

Peptide hormone size

Answer 21

Large but variable

Question 22

Steroid hormone size

Answer 22

Small

Question 23

Peptide hormone polarity

Answer 23

Polar

Question 24

Steroid hormone polarity

Answer 24

Nonpolar

Question 25

Peptide hormone hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 25

Hydrophilic

Question 26

Steroid hormone hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 26

Hydrophobic

Question 27

Peptide hormone synthesis location

Answer 27

Rough ER --> Golgi --> Vesicles --> Exocytosis

Question 28

Steroid hormone synthesis location

Answer 28

Smooth ER

Question 29

Peptide hormone intermediate stages

Answer 29

Yes -- Preprohormones, prohormones, hormones

Question 30

Steroid hormone intermediate stages

Answer 30

No

Question 31

Peptide hormone solubility in blood

Answer 31

Soluble | Freely diffuse

Question 32

Steroid hormone solubility in blood

Answer 32

Insoluble | Require transport protein

Question 33

Peptide hormone receptor type

Answer 33

Membrane-bound receptor

Question 34

Steroid hormone receptor type

Answer 34

Nuclear receptor

Question 35

Peptide hormone mechanism of effect

Answer 35

Second messenger system in Cytosol

Question 36

Steroid hormone mechanism of effect

Answer 36

DNA transcription in nucleus

Question 37

Peptide hormone physio effects

Answer 37

Fast onset | Short-term

Question 38

Steroid hormone physio effects

Answer 38

Slow onset | Long-term

Question 39

Peptide hormone typical functions

Answer 39

Regulation of other hormones | Short-term responses

Question 40

Steroid hormone typical functions

Answer 40

The 3 S's: Sex Sugar [glucocorticoids Salt [mineralcorticoids]

Question 41

Peptide hormone examples

Answer 41

Thyroid-stimulating hormone Oxytocin Insulin Calcitonin

Question 42

Steroid hormone examples

Answer 42

Estrogen Testosterone Cortisol Aldosterone

Question 43

Amino acid - derived hormones

Answer 43

Small hormones | Ex: Tyrosine derivatives; Catecholamines

Question 44

T3 & T4

Answer 44

``` Tyrosine derivative Lipid-soluble Behave like steroid hormones T3 = triiodothyronine T4 = thyroxine ```

Question 45

Catecholamines

Answer 45

Tyrosine derivative Epi / Norepi Water-soluble Act similar to peptide hormones

Question 46

Melatonin

Answer 46

Tryptophan derivative Regulates wakefulness cycles Lipid-soluble AND Water-soluble

Question 47

Topic hormones

Answer 47

Hormones that affect the release of other hormones

Question 48

Nontropic hormones

Answer 48

Target other cell types and directly induce physiological effects

Question 49

Negative feeback

Answer 49

Most common regulatory mechanism in the ENDOcrine system Maintains homeostasis Downstream product inhibits the pathway