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NSTP MCAT > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Endocrine vs. Exocrine

A 
Endocrine = secreted into circulatory system
Exocrine = secreted into ducts
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2
Q

Exocrine glands

A 
Sweat glands (sweat)
Sebaceous gland (skin oil)
Ceruminous glands (earwax)
Mammary glands (breast milk)
Salivary glands (saliva)
Lacrimal glands (tears)
Mucous glands (mucus)
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3
Q

Endocrine glands

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid
Adrenal cortex
Medulla
Pancreas
Gonads
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4
Q

Both Exocrine and Endocrine

A

Pancreas

Liver

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5
Q

Pancreas

A

Exocrine –> Digestive enzymes through ducts

Endocrine –> hormones like insulin and glucagon

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6
Q

Liver

A

Exocrine –> secretes bile through bile duct

Endocrine –> secretes hormones like angiotensinogen

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7
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Signaling molecule that acts on nearby cells

Involved in differentiation in embryonic development

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8
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

Long-distance effects

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9
Q

Juxtacrine signaling

A

More local than paracrine

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10
Q

Merocrine

A

secretion through exocytosis

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11
Q

Eccrine

A

Merocrine cells in sweat glands

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12
Q

Holocrine

A

Secretion from rupture of the plasma membrane destroying the cell and releasing its product from the cytoplasm into the lumen

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13
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Polypeptide chain
Chain of amino acids
Hydrophilic

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14
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Lipid cholesterol

4 ring structure

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15
Q

Peptide hormone characteristics

A

Rapid onset
Short-term
Hydrophilic
Diffuse freely in the blood
Cannot diffuse freely across the lipid bilayer membrane of their target cells
Receptors on outside of cell membrane –> conformational change –> effect on target (effector) through 2nd messenger (cAMP, cGMP, or IP3)

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16
Q

Steroid hormones characteristics

A

Slow onset
Long-term
Hydrophobic
Not soluble in the bloodstream
Require transport proteins
Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane
In cell, bind to nuclear receptors –> conformational change –> translocated into nucleus –> complex bind to DNA and affect gene transcription

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17
Q

Second messenger system

A

Hormone is the first messenger results in signal cascade –> rapid amplification within cell –> impact on cellular function

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18
Q

Peptide hormone production

A
  1. Translated into preprohoromones
  2. Processed in Golgi
  3. Cleaved by endopeptidases and modified by addition of carbs
  4. Final active form of hormone
  5. Packaged into vesicles
  6. Released through exocytosis
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19
Q

Peptide hormone precursor

A

Amino Acids

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20
Q

Steroid hormone precursor

A

Cholesterol (lipid)

21
Q

Peptide hormone size

A

Large but variable

22
Q

Steroid hormone size

A

Small

23
Q

Peptide hormone polarity

A

Polar

24
Q

Steroid hormone polarity

A

Nonpolar

25
Q

Peptide hormone hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic

26
Q

Steroid hormone hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

27
Q

Peptide hormone synthesis location

A

Rough ER –> Golgi –> Vesicles –> Exocytosis

28
Q

Steroid hormone synthesis location

A

Smooth ER

29
Q

Peptide hormone intermediate stages

A

Yes – Preprohormones, prohormones, hormones

30
Q

Steroid hormone intermediate stages

A

No

31
Q

Peptide hormone solubility in blood

A

Soluble

Freely diffuse

32
Q

Steroid hormone solubility in blood

A

Insoluble

Require transport protein

33
Q

Peptide hormone receptor type

A

Membrane-bound receptor

34
Q

Steroid hormone receptor type

A

Nuclear receptor

35
Q

Peptide hormone mechanism of effect

A

Second messenger system in Cytosol

36
Q

Steroid hormone mechanism of effect

A

DNA transcription in nucleus

37
Q

Peptide hormone physio effects

A

Fast onset

Short-term

38
Q

Steroid hormone physio effects

A

Slow onset

Long-term

39
Q

Peptide hormone typical functions

A

Regulation of other hormones

Short-term responses

40
Q

Steroid hormone typical functions

A

The 3 S’s:
Sex
Sugar [glucocorticoids
Salt [mineralcorticoids]

41
Q

Peptide hormone examples

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Oxytocin
Insulin
Calcitonin

42
Q

Steroid hormone examples

A

Estrogen
Testosterone
Cortisol
Aldosterone

43
Q

Amino acid - derived hormones

A

Small hormones

Ex: Tyrosine derivatives; Catecholamines

44
Q

T3 & T4

A 
Tyrosine derivative
Lipid-soluble
Behave like steroid hormones
T3 = triiodothyronine
T4 = thyroxine
45
Q

Catecholamines

A

Tyrosine derivative
Epi / Norepi
Water-soluble
Act similar to peptide hormones

46
Q

Melatonin

A

Tryptophan derivative
Regulates wakefulness cycles
Lipid-soluble AND Water-soluble

47
Q

Topic hormones

A

Hormones that affect the release of other hormones

48
Q

Nontropic hormones

A

Target other cell types and directly induce physiological effects

49
Q

Negative feeback

A

Most common regulatory mechanism in the ENDOcrine system
Maintains homeostasis
Downstream product inhibits the pathway

NSTP MCAT (18 decks)

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