Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3 + 4+ 5 semester > tutorial Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

tutorial Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

attention

A

process of actively singling out information that interests us whilst ignoring other info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

is attention conscious or unconscious?

A

both!
- conscious when I’m trying to write down this flashcard
- unconscious when I remember where I sat in KWC for lunch or when I notice my breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

conscious attention purpose

A
  1. monitor actions with environment
  2. link past to present to give continuity
  3. helps control + plan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

functions of attention

A
  1. signal detection + vigilance
  2. search
  3. selective attention
  4. divided attention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

vigilance definite

A

attention over long periods of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

signals detection theory

A
  1. hits = identify signal in environment correctly
  2. false negatives = don’t identify signal that is in environment
  3. false alarms = incorrectly assume signal is there in environment
  4. correct rejections = see that signal is not there in environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

vigilance works best when

A
  1. stimulus happens within expectations
  2. emotional stimuli -> amygdala plays important role
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

activation states of vigilance

A
  1. burst = brief, high vigilance state
  2. tonic = baseline level of vigilance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

display-size effect

A

how the amount of distractors slows down search process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

feature search

A

look for item based on one particular feature

  • looking for white carton when looking for milk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

conjunction search

A

done when item doesn’t have standout features

  • look for two things integrated -> looking for T by looking for horizontal line on top rather than bottom (like L)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

feature-integration theory

A

we have feature maps in head that detects when feature arrives

  • this is why it’s way easier + faster to see features rather than conjunctions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

similarity theory

A

the more similarities target and distractor shares the more difficult it is to search for target

  • disagrees with feature-integration theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

guided search theory

A
  1. parallel stage -> mental representation of all potential targets
  2. sequential evaluation -> choose target from activated elements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

brain lobe that is activated more in youth when searching

A

occipito-temporal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cocktail party problem

A

difficulty focusing on one convo when there’s other convos happening around you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

dichotic presentation

A

two diff messages heard from right and left headphone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when to listen to diff convo

A
  1. when name mentioned
  2. diff pitch or intensity
  3. location of sound
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Broadbent’s model of selective attention

A

attentional filter at sensory level

  • some things never make it to perception (like one dichotic message switching from English to German)

BUT what about perking up when you hear your name mentioned ?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Selective Filter Model of Selective Attention
- inventor
- definiton

A

Broadbent

message of high important to listener (own name) break through Broadbent’s attentional filter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Attenuation Model of Selective Attention
- inventor
- definition

A

Treisman

unattended messages not eliminated but weakened

  • some bilinguals noticed language switching to German
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Later-Filter Model of Selective Attention
- inventor
- definition

A

Deutsch & Deutsch

messages unattended after physical properties (pitch) and meaning analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Syntheiss of early and late filter

A
  • preattentive process -> notice physical of unattended messages
  • attentive controlled process -> mental representations of messages (BUT takes resources)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

divided attention good when

A
  1. practiced
  2. automised
  3. people are intelligent
  4. tasks in diff modalities (one speaking and one doing something with hands)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

resources of attention theory best to describe what kind of tasks

A

complex divided attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

factors influencing attentional ability

A
  1. anxiety
  2. arousal
  3. task difficulty
  4. skills -> more skills = more attention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

3 subfunctions of attention

A
  1. alerting = preparing
  2. orienting = selecting stimuli to attend to
  3. executive action = monitoring + resolving conflicts that arise in internal conflicts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

intelligence and attention

A
  1. inspection time -> inspect and make decision on item
  2. reaction time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

change blindness

A

inability in detecting changes of objects or scenes that are being looked at

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

inattentional blindness

A

people not able to see things that are actually there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

spatial neglect

A

people unable to see half of visual field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

2 factos influencing habituation

A
  1. internal variance -> changes in rhythm of music
  2. subjective arousal
33
Q

automatic process

A
  1. no conscious awareness
  2. unintentional
  3. no effort
  • quick
  • multiple at same time
34
Q

controlled process

A
  1. conscious awareness
  2. sequential
  3. long to execute
35
Q

automatisation

A

when controlled processes turn automatic due to practice

36
Q

Stroop effect

A

hard to say colour of word when word is spelling out different colour bc automatisation

37
Q

Oopsies in Automatic processes

A
  1. mistakes = error in choosing objective
  2. slips = errors in carrying out means to objective
38
Q

when do slips occur?

A
  1. when deviating from normal routine
  2. when automatic processes interrupted
39
Q

preconscious processing

A

info outside of conscious awareness but still available for conscious processing

  • combing hair whilst thinking about the mistakes you’ve made in your life
40
Q

tip of tongue phenomenon

A

information available to us but not entirely accessible

seen in
- blind people
- old people
- disabled people

41
Q

blindsight

A

traces of visual perceptual ability in blind areas

blind person able to correctly guess image more than chance

42
Q

memory definition

A

process where information is encoded, stored and retrieved

43
Q

recall definition

A

produce information from memory

44
Q

3 types of recall

A
  1. serial recall -> recall items in exact order
  2. free recall -> recall items in any order
  3. cued recall -> shown items in pair, then displayed one part of pair have to recall the other
45
Q

recognition definition

A

selecting items you have already been exposed to

46
Q

explicit memory

A

conscious recollection

47
Q

implicit memory

A

using info from memory but not consciously
- procedural knowledge
- stays same level throughout life unlike explicit

48
Q

Traditional Model of Memory

A
  1. sensory stores
    *iconic stores -> 12 images
  2. short term store
    * 7 (+ or - 2 )
  3. longterm store
    *permastore = permanent stored knowledge
49
Q

levels of processing memory theory

A

memory doesn’t have 3 parts but depends on level of processing info

*self-reference effect makes info relevant to us more deeply processed

50
Q

integrative working memory model

A

short term memory active workplace used for processing info

  1. visuospatial sketchpad
  2. phonological loop
  3. central executive
  4. subsidiary slave systems
  5. episodic buffer -> binds info from all other categories
51
Q

multiple memory systems

A
  1. two declarative (explicit) memories
    *semantic -> facts of world
    *episodic -> facts of self
  2. one non-declarative (implicit)
    * procedural knowledge
    *conditioning / priming
52
Q

mnemonist

A

somoene with exceptional memory usually due to using memory enhancing techniques

53
Q

synesthesia

A

stimuli from one sense triggers other sense
+ seeing colours when someone is speaking

54
Q

hypermnesia definition

A

produce memories we think we have forgotten

55
Q

amnesia (definiton + types)

A

= severe loss of explicit memories

retrograde = don’t remember anything prior to accident

anterograde = can’t make any new memories after accident
+ H.M. had this

56
Q

what is not affected by amnesia

A
  1. implicit memory
  2. procedural knowledge
57
Q

brain areas memory storage

A
  1. cerebral cortex -> sensory info
  2. hippocampus -> explicit memory + declarative + spatial
  3. cerebellum -> conditioning
  4. amygdala -> emotional recall
58
Q

encoding short-term memory

A
  • words encoded by what they sound like (phonological loop)
59
Q

encoding long-term memory

A
  1. semantic = based on what words mean
  2. visual
60
Q

2 problems of transferring info from shor to long term memory

A
  1. interference -> competing info disrupts info from being stored
  2. decay -> forgetting as time passes
61
Q

implicit memory transfer

A
  1. priming
  2. decays quickly
62
Q

declarative (explicit) transfer

A
  1. consolidation = associating new words with words already in storage
  2. deliberate attending of info to comprehend
63
Q

strategies to help remember info

A
  1. rehearsal
    * maintenance rehearsal = repeating info
    * elaborative rehearsal = elaborate on info to give it more meaning -> enters long-term memory
  2. spacing effect -> for long-term memory we need to space recall over months (rather than days)
    *distribute practice = spacing out learning sessions over time
64
Q

sleep relation to memory consolidation

A
  • better memory when higher REM sleep achieved
  • hippocampus needs neuronal cells to make memories and these get stunted in insomniacs
65
Q

reconsolidation definition

A

newly consolidated memory more unstable once recalled so reconsolidation happens

66
Q

mnemonic devices

A
  1. categorical clustering -> organise info into groups
  2. method of loci -> visual info to landmarks of a place you know
  3. interactive images
  4. pegword system = associate new word with word already known
  5. acronym
  6. keyword system
  7. acrostic
67
Q

what are most effective mnemonic devices?

A
  1. method of loc
  2. pegword system
68
Q

2 theories of retrieval from short-term

A
  1. parallel processing = simultaneous processing of multiple operations
  2. serial processing = operations done one after the other
69
Q

is short-term exhaustive or terminal processing?

A
  1. exhaustive = scan all options before making decision even if we found item already
  2. terminal = stop search as soon as you have answer

we do exhaustive serial processing

70
Q

2 factos effecting retreival of long-term memory

A
  1. availability = presence of info in long-term
  2. accessibility = degree to which we can access information
    * only accessibility can be tested
71
Q

2 types of interference

A
  1. retroactive interference = new learned knowledge impeded recall of old
  2. proactive interference = material learned in past interferes with learning new material
72
Q

serial position curve theory (definition + two types)

A

= probability of recalling depends on its order on the list

  1. recency effect = better remember words that come last bc most recent in memory
  2. primacy effect = better remember words at the very start
    + first impressions
73
Q

is decay or interference stronger

A

interference has stronger effect

74
Q

autobiographical memory definiton

A

= memory of individual history

75
Q

autobiographical memories rememberd best when

A
  1. relevant to us
  2. emotionally intense
  3. salient
76
Q

flashbulb memory

A
  • impactful events lead to vivid memory
  1. important to individual
  2. emotional effect on individual
  3. surprising
77
Q

7 sins of memory leading to memory distortion

A
  1. transcience -> memory fades quickly
  2. absent-mindedness
  3. blocking
  4. misattribution.
  5. suggestibility
  6. bias
  7. persistence
78
Q
A

3 + 4+ 5 semester (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions