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3 + 4+ 5 semester > Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

perception definition

A

set of processes in which we recognise, organise and interpret sensations from environmental stimuli

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2
Q

types of perception

A
  1. olfactory
  2. gustatory
  3. vision
  4. audition
  5. touch
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3
Q

receptors for vision

A

rods and cones in retina

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4
Q

location of receptors for vision

A

eyes

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5
Q

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) what is it

A

noninvasive method of temporarily exciting/inhibiting cortical areas with magnetical stimulation

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6
Q

TDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)

A

noninvasive method of stimulating brain by passing weak current through it

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7
Q

fMRI
- how it works
- advantages

A
  • brain imaging through oxygenated blood
    + good temporal + spatial resolution
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8
Q

PET
- how it works
- advantages

A
  • radioactive glucose to see areas of brain activity bc increased blood flow
    + see what areas are switched on for certain tasks
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9
Q

pathway of vision

A

optic nerve -> thalamus -> cortex

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10
Q

perceptual features

A
  1. colour
  2. form
  3. motion
  4. orientation
  5. distance
  6. depth
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11
Q

cognitive psychology definition

A

how people perceive, learn, remember and think about information

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12
Q

auditory receptors

A

inner hair cells + outer hair cells in organ of Corti on basilar membrane

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13
Q

auditory pathway

A

receptor -> auditory nerve - > cortex

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14
Q

auditory perceptual featurs

A
  1. loudness
  2. pitch
  3. timbre
  4. distance
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15
Q

somatoreception receptor location

A
  1. skin
    2, tendons
  2. muscle
  3. semicircular canal of ears
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16
Q

3 pathways of somatoreception stimuli

A
  1. conscious perception
    nerve fibres -> spinal cord -> thalamus -> cortex
  2. coordinated motor adjustment
    nerve fibres -> spinal cord -> cerebellum -> cortex
  3. reflex
    nerve fibres -> brainstem nuclei
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17
Q

olfaction and gustation similarities

A

linked to primitive parts of brain NOT cortex

  • subjective experiences -> hard to put into words
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18
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum value of stimulus for it to be noticed (or maximum for it to stop working)

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19
Q

difference threshold

A

minimum difference for two stimuli to be differentiated

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20
Q

Weber Fechner Law

A

our perceived change of sensation is not proportionate to actual change of stimuli

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21
Q

McGurk effect

A

what we see overrides what we hear

*sights influences hearing

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22
Q

synthesia

A

when one stimulation results in experiencing in unrelated modality

seeing sounds

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23
Q

multisensory warning - study finding

A

people more alert when audio-tactile signals given

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24
Q

location of specialised cells for face rec

A

fusiform gyrus

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25
Q

prosopagnosia

A

facial blindness

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26
Q

bottom-up processing

A

receiving info from sensory then analysing it in b

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27
Q

top-down processing

A

active search and interpertation of sensory data depending on goal + experience

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28
Q

size constancy

A

perceive size as constant even if distance changes
- still think car is same size when it comes towards us

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29
Q

shape constancy

A

perceive shape as constant even if changing perspectives

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30
Q

brightness + colour constancy

A

even if shadow in room makes object darker we still perceive colours

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31
Q

monocular perception + examples

A

using one eye to see depth (2D)

  • texture gradients
  • relative size
  • interposition → if obscured by other object
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32
Q

binocular perception + examples

A

using both eyes to see 3D

  • depth perception through binocular disparity (slight diff images left and right eye pick up)
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33
Q

motion parallax

A

things that are closer appear to move faster

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34
Q

9 Laws of Gestalt Psychology

A
  1. Prägnanz
  2. Figure ground
  3. Similarity
  4. Proximity
  5. Continuity
  6. Closure
  7. symmetry
  8. contingency
  9. small size
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35
Q

Prägnanz meaning

A

organise elements into categories simplest org with least cog skills needed

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36
Q

figure.ground

A

some elements stand out and others hide in background

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37
Q

proximity

A

objects that are close together get seen as group

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38
Q

similarity

A

similar objects form group

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39
Q

closure

A

close certain shapes that aren’t closed

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40
Q

symmetry

A

perceive objects as forming mirror image

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41
Q

contingency / common path

A

objects moving in one direction seen as group

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42
Q

small size

A

easier to extract elements characterised by small size

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43
Q

global precedence effect

A

tendency to see big picture than individual elements

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44
Q

local precedence effect

A

tendency to see individual elements rather than big picture

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45
Q

agnosia i

A

inability to perceive object
- the “” what

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46
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A
  • non-invasive
  • magnetic stimulation excites or inhibits cortical areas
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47
Q

transcranial direct current stimulation

A
  • non-invasive
  • direct current through brain stimulates
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48
Q

EEG

A

functional brain imaging method

-showing waves of E activity

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49
Q

ERP (event related potentials)

A
  • functional brain imaging method
  • E activity during repeated stimulus presentation
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50
Q

psychophysiological measurements

A
  1. EMG
  2. galvanic skin response
  3. eye-tracking
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51
Q

Donder’s method

A

subtraction method: time needed to differentiate - time needed to decide

  1. simple reaction time
  2. choice reaction time
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52
Q

signal detection theory

A

how we detect signals in environment full of distractors

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53
Q

diff reactions in signal detection theory

A
  1. hit
  2. miss
  3. false alarm
  4. correct rejection
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54
Q

d’ what is it

A

ability not distinguish signal from noise

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55
Q

if d’ = 0

A

system can’t distinguish signal from noise

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56
Q

if d’ = 3

A

system distinguishes signal from noise perfectly

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57
Q

implicit association test (IAT)

A

rxn times to categorise objects into categories to see implicit attitude towards a group

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58
Q

navon task

A

measuring local vs global perception

how do we process info?

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59
Q

n-back task

A

measures working memory

only respond if stimulus the same as stimulus n back

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60
Q

OSPAN task

A

measures working memory capacity

  1. solve maths task -> word -> math task -> word

2 .then sequence matrix by remembering right order of all above

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61
Q

verbal protocol research

A

participants talk out loud about thought process while performing tasks to help researchers understand how people think

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62
Q

attention definition

A

concentration of consciousness on stimulus considered most important

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63
Q

external attention

A

sensory events external to body

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64
Q

internal attention

A

internal to body

  • senses
  • thoughts
  • motivations
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65
Q

dorsal attention network

A
  • top-down processing
  • selection of stimulus relevant to goals
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66
Q

ventral attention network

A
  • bottom-up processing
  • detects unexpected things happening around you
  • detects behaviourally relevant stimuli
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67
Q

default mode network of attention

A

network of brain regions active when person not focused on external stimuli

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68
Q

4 functions of attention

A
  1. signal detection vigilance
  2. search
  3. selective attention
  4. divided attention
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69
Q

vigilance definition

A

ability to attend to field of stimuli over prolonged period of time to detect appearance of particular target stimulus

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70
Q

what does ratio of hits and false alarms depend on?

A
  1. signal strength to noise strength ratio
  2. payoff matrix -> consequences of missing or false alarms
  3. expectations -> higher expectations = more false alarms
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71
Q

search definition

A

try to find signal amongst distractors

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72
Q

selective attention

A

pay attention to some stimuli and ignore others

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73
Q

cocktail party effect

A

don’t listen to other conversations (semantics) unless own name gets mentioned

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74
Q

physical characteristics of talking that we pay attention to

A
  1. pitch
  2. volume
  3. source
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75
Q

attention field

A
  1. centre (closer to us) = clear + perception of detail
  2. periphery = not vivid + only possible to register occurence not detail
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76
Q

resources allocated to attention based on

A
  1. importance of task
  2. task requirements (simple or complex)
  3. level of automatisation
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77
Q

flow state

A

when task difficulty and competence match up

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78
Q

divided attention

A

allocate resources to do more than 1 task at a time

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79
Q

multitasking efficient when

A
  • diff sensory used (talking and cooking)
  • level of automatisation high
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80
Q

factors influencing attention

A
  1. anxiety
  2. arousal
  3. task difficulty
  4. skills
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81
Q

people are bad at multitasking

A
  1. more errors
  2. slower reaction time
  3. lower efficiency
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82
Q

Broadbent’s model of Attention

A

input -> sensory register -> selective filter -> perceptual process -> longterm memory -> response

unattended stimuli gets stopped at selective filter so you’re not even aware of it

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83
Q

proof for Broadbent’s model of attention

A
  • dichotic listening paradigm

when two convos played in both ears you don’t know what’s being said in unattended ear

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84
Q

Treisman’s model of Attention

A

not all resources given to task we have our attention on

still aware of environment to see what’s important

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85
Q

proof of Tresiman’s model of attention

A

cocktail party effect -> notice when our name gets mentioned

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86
Q

Kahneman’s theory of divided attention

A

we can focus more on one task if we have the amount of resources available

  • difficulty of task
  • arousal
  • allocation policy
  • momentary + permanent disposition
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87
Q

memory definition

A

process where info is encoded, stored and retrieved

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88
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model of longterm memory

A

longterm memory needs to pass through linear line to become longterm

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89
Q

sensory store definition

A
  • info stored up until 150 milliseconds
  • greatest capacity
  • visual + auditory
  • transfers data to short-term
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90
Q

short term store

A
  • 30 seconds
  • 7 (+- 2 ) or 4 in recent studies
  • internal repetitions needed to retain info
  • transfers to longterm
91
Q

Baddley’s working memory

A
  • short-term memory active storage faciltiy
  1. visuospatial sketchpad
  2. phonological loop
  3. central executive -> coordinates
  4. episodic buffer -> integrates short with long
  5. slave systems
92
Q

Cowan’s working memory theory

A

short-term memory (working memory) part as longterm (direct access region)

  • most active info -> focus of attention (capacity 4)
93
Q

executive functions use

A
  1. mental shifting (between goals or tasks)
  2. updating + monitoring working memory representations
  3. inhibiting of irrelevant dominant responses
94
Q

non-declarative memory

A

implicit memory

  • from automatisation
  • unable to verbalise it
  • learning of complex rules without awareness
95
Q

Tulving episodic vs semantic memory

A

episodic: personal experience

semantic: knowledge of world

96
Q

prospective memory

A

knowledge of future (plans and intentions)

97
Q

Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve

A
  • rapid forgetting occurs early
  • the longer time passes the less likely we are to forget
  • repetition helps retain memory
98
Q

factors improving memory

A
  1. sleep (memories go from hippocampus to cortex which is more permanent)
  2. repetition / deliberate practice
  3. self-reference effect
  4. depth of processing
  5. spacing effect
99
Q

diff memory tests

A
  1. recall task
  2. serial recall task (remember in right order)
  3. implicit memory task
  4. recognition task
  5. procedural task
100
Q

levels of processing framework

A

the deeper info is processed the more likely we are to remember

deeper processing -> no- of connections new info has to already stored info

  • physical
  • phonological
  • semantic
101
Q

connectionist network theory

A

memories not stored in one place but in different node connections

102
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

repressing memories of traumatic event from memory

103
Q

infantile amnesia causes

A
  1. psychoanalytic: repression of traumatic birth etc
  2. cog: lack of developed memory functioning
  3. neuropsych: brain structures not fully developed can’t retain memories
104
Q

7 sins of memory

A
  1. transience
  2. absentmindedness
  3. blocking
  4. misattribution
  5. suggestibility
  6. bias
  7. persistence
105
Q

savant

A

people with extraordinary abilities with developmental disorder

106
Q

Daniel Tammet and Sherevsky

A

both were savants

  • Sherevsky: man who couldn’t forget

Tammet: world record pi number reciter

107
Q

mnemonics

and examples

A

strategies to enhance memory abilities

  • categorisation
  • method of loci
108
Q

deliberate practice how to:

A
  1. set specific/achievable goals
  2. focused max on improvement
  3. immediate feedback on progress
  4. get out of comfort zone
109
Q

1956 Symposium of Info Theory MIT

  • who was there
  • what happened
A
  • Chomsky, Miller, Simon

first idea of mind as computer (encoding) which meant away from behaviourist model more to info processing model -> start of cog psychology

110
Q

computer as minds vs mind as computer -> who came up with what

A
  • mind as computer -> Simon
  • computer as mind -> Turing/von Neumann
    *human thoughts can be captured by computer
111
Q

executive functions

A
  1. mental set shifting -> shifting between tasks
  2. updating + monitoring of working memory representations
  3. inhibitory control -> avoid distraction from goal
112
Q

what makes recall effective

A
  1. multiple access paths -> connect smth w diff info from life
  2. contextual compatibility -> retrieval easier when in same environment we learned info in
  3. mood compatibility
  4. primacy/recency effect
  5. self-reference
  6. repetition
  7. spacing effect
  8. elaboration
  9. depth of processing
  10. pro/retroactive inference
  11. consolidation of memory traces
113
Q

realism defintion

A

= cog representations are realistic of objective world

representation as an imprint into mind of sensory stimulus

114
Q

constructivism definition

A

sensory data encoded into mental data

*one object can be encoded in diff ways

115
Q

2 types of representations

A
  1. verbal
  2. visual
116
Q

mental imagery definition

A

mental reps of sensory properties of object

*seeing in our mind

117
Q

Steven Kosslyn’s theory of mental imagery

*1. surface vs deep component
*2. analog or symbolic=

A
  • images have surface component (fluffy dog with lolling tongue) and deep component (dog must bark/have tail)
  • analog (not symbolic) and spatial properties/relationships
  • size relative to other objects
  • manipulations (rotations) can be performed on mental image just like on real image
118
Q

Kosslyn mental scanning

A

it takes us the same amount of time to scan mental map as physical distance between locations

119
Q

aphantasia defintion

A

rare condition where you can’t make mental images

120
Q

mental imagery on decision making

A
  1. choice generates mental imagery of possible outcomes of choices
  2. provide behaviour-consequences AND affective responses
  3. strength of affective response depends on vividness of mental imagery
121
Q

Pavio - dual coding hypothesis

A

concrete words encoded both verbally + visually which makes them easier to remember

abstract only verbally!

122
Q

imagens definition

A

fast, sensory, non-verbal, parallel processing

123
Q

logogens definition

A

slow, verbal, sequential

124
Q

concepts definition

A

mental rep of category of objects stored in long-term memory

125
Q

3 types of concepts appraoch

A
  1. common feature
  2. prototype
  3. exemplar
126
Q

functions of concepts

A
  1. reduced no. of cog resources needed
  2. easier to understand + explain
  3. easier for inferences + prob solving
  4. effective communication + transfer knowledge
127
Q

classical matrix concepts

A

formal cog rep of characteristic shared by all copies of the concept

128
Q

natural concepts definition

A

informal, less precise than matrix concept

129
Q

Tversky similarity theory definition

A
  • score of common vs different features
  • weighted for importance
  • context dependent
130
Q

prototype meaning

A

ideal example that best represent a category
*major features there

131
Q

typicality meaning

A

extent to which object is representative of category

132
Q

family resemblance

A

tendency of members of category to be similar to each other without having any one characteristics common to them all

133
Q

exemplar models definition

A

stored examples of models in head that we use to compare new item

134
Q

semantic networks studied through word association test

A
  • participants mention 1st word to come to head after seeing target word
135
Q

proposition definition

A

true/false statement unit of storage for semantic memory

*combination rules used

136
Q

schema definition

A

set of related propositions typical knowledge of world

*script
*stereotype

137
Q

grounded/embodied approach

A

thinking is shaped with bodily experience
*concepts not just vrbal but also body experience

138
Q

hub-and-spoke model definition

A

spoke = modality specific region (verbal, visual etc)

hub = unifies spokes for integrated conception of one concept

139
Q

triple-code-model

A

3 representations

  1. verbal: five
  2. image: 5
  3. symbolic: V or *****
140
Q

non-symbolic number system

A

two subsystems
1. object tracking
*exact
*limited capacity (3-4)
*quick + precise

  1. approximate number
    *approximate
    *large numbers
    *depends on Weber-Fechner laws
141
Q

number sense definition

A

some animals (humans) biological ability to represent large amounts of numbers + manipulate them

142
Q

symbolic representation
*when does it start
* what is it

A

age 2-4

mapping of non-symbolic + symbolic

143
Q

SNARC effect meaning

A

faster rxn with left hand when number smaller

  • faster rxn with right hand when numbers bigger
144
Q

mental number line definition

A

abstract rep of no.

  • small on the left
  • big on the right
145
Q

are mental number lines different for anyone?

A
  • people with right hemisphere damage ignore left side of body + small numbers
  • Arabs differ (read from right to left)
  • some synesthesia differ
146
Q

PISA assessment

A
  • assessed maths skills in kids
  • east asian countries scored highest
  • globally boys outperformed girls
147
Q

consequences math anxiety

A
  1. reduced working memory capacity
  2. local avoidance effect = not putting effort in
  3. global avoidance effect = not taking extra classes or improving
148
Q

what causes math anxiety

A
  1. deficits in number sense, spatial processing + attentional control
  2. negative classroom experiences
  3. teacher anxiety
  4. stereotypes
149
Q

Stanovich on rationality
*epistemic rationality
*instrumental rationality

A

rationality = good thinking helping reach goals + avoid mistakes

  • epistemic = extent that individual beliefs correspond to actual state of world
  • instrumental = to what extent individual pursues goal
150
Q

judgement definition

A

explicit statement about state of affairs + prob of occurence

151
Q

decision making definition

A

choice of one possibility from at least 2 options

152
Q

classical decision theory definiton

A

utility maximisation

*how much can be won + probability of winning

153
Q

Kahnemann prospect theory

A

loss aversion more than wanting to win

154
Q

framing effect

A

people will make different decisions based on how decision is worded

*we don’t rationally think of probability

155
Q

3 heuristics/biases on decision making

A
  1. representativeness
  2. anchoring adjustment
  3. accessiblitiy
156
Q

representativeness meaning

A

is event similar to prototype

157
Q

anchoring and adjustment meaning

A

starting point i can base and adjust judgements on

158
Q

accessiblity heuristic meaning

A

how readily available for recall is event

159
Q

representativeness bias examples

A
  1. insensitivity to prior probability of outcome
  2. insensitivity to sample size
  3. insensitivity to predictability
  4. misconception of chance
    *Linda’s conjunction fallacy!
160
Q

availability heursitc examples

A
  1. bias of retrievability of instances
  2. bias of effectivenss of search
  3. bias of imaginability
  4. illusory correlation
161
Q

anchoring + adjustment examples

A
  1. insufficient adjustment
  2. bias in eval of conjunciton + disjunction
162
Q

examples of biases

A
  1. gambler’s delusion
  2. hindsight bias
  3. simulation heuristics
  4. sunk cost effect
163
Q

Simon on bounded rationality definition

A

human decision constrained by
*limitations of mind
*structure of environment

satisficing = choosing from smth sequentially bc we don’t know about possibilities in advance
*next best person to date

164
Q

fast-and-frugal heuristic

A

simple rules in toolbox for decision making with realistic mental resources

*ignorance based
*one-reason decision making

165
Q

one-reason decision makings

A
  1. take the best
  2. take the last
  3. minimalist heuristic
166
Q

ecological rationality

A

adaptive behaviour from fit of mind mechanism and structure of environment it operates in

167
Q

steps to explore boundedly rational heuristic

A
  1. design computational model of heuristic
  2. analyse environmental structures where they work well
  3. testing performance in real-world
  4. determine whether + when people actually use heuristic
168
Q

cognitive interventions on person

A
  1. increase reflection + resources
  2. increase knowledge + processing efficiency
169
Q

cog intervention on situation

A
  1. increase motivation for engaging in task
  2. reduce task requirements
170
Q

how to communicate numbers

A
  1. identify goal of communication: what people know -> what they don’t know -> what they should know
  2. choose format of presenting
  3. test message
  4. include numbers in way that doesn’t need extra info
171
Q

how to reduce cog effort for listeners

A
  1. do math for them
  2. fewer options
  3. absolute risks NOT relative
  4. constant time ranges
  5. appropriate visuals
172
Q

how to hold attention

A
  1. place most important info at start or end
  2. emphasise only the most important parts
  3. summarise
  4. visual clarity
  5. emotions
173
Q

ai on improving cognition

A
  1. increase focus + productivity
  2. adaptive learning
  3. problem solving
  4. data analysis + discover
  5. memory + info management
  6. support mindfulness + sleep
174
Q

challenges of ai on cognition improvement

A
  1. over-reliance on AI
  2. privacy
  3. bias
  4. effectivness not scientifically tested
    5.
175
Q

video games improve

A
  1. enhance attention
  2. faster rxn time w/o accuracy loss
176
Q

transfers of training effects

A
  1. near transfer = transfer of effects on similar tasks using same cog processes
  2. far transfer = transfer of effects on tasks w diff cog processes
177
Q

steps for measuring training effects

A
  1. direct improvement in task being trained
  2. transfer of training effects
  3. maintenance of effects (follow up)
  4. generalisability of results
178
Q

evidence of cog training?

A
  • only 1/3 used active control group -> motivation just as high as other group

with elderly people there was a positive effect but not super positive

179
Q

System 1 and 2

A

system 1: intuitive, autonomous without conscious awareness
*biased

system2: reflective (logic+conscious+working memory)
*slow

180
Q

stroop effect

A

harder + slower for us to identify diff colours if they have different colours than they are describing

*system 2 needs to be activated

181
Q

cognitive reflection test explain:

A

design puzzle where intuitive thinkign (system 1) will give incorrect answer

  • best outcome: reflective answer (system 1 -> system 2)

*most people who started with incorrect answer didn’t get it right

182
Q

difficulties of verbal protocols

A
  1. people have poor access to mental processes
  2. speaking aloud might effect mental processes
183
Q

verbal protocols test

A
  • participants think aloud to see encoding process
184
Q

proof system 1 exists

A
  1. tip of tongue
  2. eureka moments
  3. correct answer from guessing
  4. premonition something will happen
  5. dejavu
185
Q

iceberg system (top to bottom)

A
  1. consciousness = explicit processing

2 intuition

  1. unconsciousness = implicit processing
186
Q

process of attention of consciousness

A

input -> attended -> conscious -> conscious report

187
Q

process of attention of unconsciousness

A

input -> unattended -> unconscious -> levels of priming

188
Q

subliminal perception definition

A

when stimulus below threshold has measurable effect on behaviour

189
Q

supraliminal perception definition

A

stimulus presented above threshold of perception

190
Q

checking threshold subjectively would entail:

A

asking subjects whether they perceived something or not

*more valid bc see what accessed their consciousness

191
Q

priming definition

A

stimulus influences perception of following target stimulus (semantics)

  • participants shouldn’t be aware it’s happened (subliminal)
  • slight results only seen in labs
192
Q

implicit learning definition

A
  • without effort
  • without intention to learn
  • without specific strategies

*in case of explicit instruction -> decrease of task performance levels

193
Q

serial reaction time task

A
  • pressing letters implicit learning
  • response time decreased with practice with trials following learned rule
194
Q

diff between implicit vs explicit (good points)

A
  1. robust -> unaffected by disorders
  2. age independent
  3. low variability
  4. IQ independence
  5. commonality (implicit common to most creatures)
194
Q

when to trust expert intuition

A
  1. reg patterns in environment
  2. regularities become known through practice
  3. feedback from environment
195
Q

thinking definition

A

process of mental exploration of possible actions + states of world

196
Q

well structured problems

A

= clear path to solution

*starting conditions, actions. available, goals specified
*one goal -> convergent thinking
*2+ goals -> goal selection + divergent thinking

197
Q

problems in well-structured problems

A
  1. invalid moves
  2. not realising nature of next legal move
  3. moving backwards
198
Q

ill-structured problem definition

A

= no clear path to goal

*starting conditions or actions or goals not specified
*reduction of openness
*political + economical problems

199
Q

algorithm definition

A
  • unambiguous + reliable action plan
  • sequence
  • high cog load
200
Q

heuristics definition

A
  • informal, simplified shortcut to solving problems
  • unreliable + risky
  • for poorly defined situations
201
Q

problem solving cycle

A
  1. id problem
  2. define problem
  3. construct strat
  4. org info
  5. allocate resources
  6. monitor prob solving
  7. eval + learning
202
Q

problem space definition

A

all possible actions that can be applied to problem

203
Q

problem solving strategies

A
  1. random search
  2. heuristic search strat
  3. custom rules for analysing
  4. modify previous sequence to fit this new problem
204
Q

syllogistic reasoning definition

A

reasoning using statements connected by logical relations

205
Q

atmosphere effect

A

conclusion over-influenced by premise rather than logic of argument

206
Q

believe bias

A

tendency to accept invalid but believable conclusions

207
Q

inductive reasoning definition (for syllogisms etc)

A

making a well-founded + probable conclusion

  • rejecting null hypothesis for instance bc we can never be sure that it should be rejected
208
Q

insight definition

A

change in perception of problem leading to understanding
*often through reconceptualising problem

  • feeling of warmth accompanies solving prob
209
Q

enabling factors (of prob solving)

A
  1. positive transfer (transfer of knowledge from one field to another)
  2. incubation
210
Q

incubation definition

A
  • pause at solving problem after impasse
    *preceded insight
  • weakens set of obstacles
  • extensification of attention
  • temp increase in working memory capacity
211
Q

2 obstacles in prob solving

A
  1. set = tendency to persist with one approach to prob
  2. functional fixedness = difficulty thinking of novel use of familiar object
212
Q

Clever Hans case study

A

horse who was thought to have ability to answer maths + other questions

  • picked up unconscious cues from people -> bias + observational learning
213
Q

cognitive interview

A
  • memory facilitated if recall happens in similar situation as encoding

Techniques:
- reinstating context -> imagine environment where it happened
- report everything
- recall events in diff order
- changing perspectives

214
Q

slips in automatic processes

A
  1. capture error
  2. omissions
  3. description errors
  4. associative deviation errors
  5. loss of activation error
215
Q

capture error definition

A

when situation resembles routine we switch to autopilot and omit decision making

*driving to work place bc routine in the morning instead of to starbucks

216
Q

automatic slips - omission definitoin

A

process too automatically we ignore some info

  • overlook missing word in sentence bc brain makes up for it
217
Q

automatic slips - description error

A
  • right action on wrong object

*pouring juice into cereal bowl

218
Q

automatic slips - associative deviation error

A
  • action driven by association not mental reasoning

*mom calling you by sister’s name not your own name

219
Q

automatic slip - loss of activation error

A
  • doing an action and forgetting why before completion

*opening your phone and then forgetting what you were going to check

220
Q

Cowan short term capacity according to working memory model

A

around 4

221
Q

George Miller’s short term capacity according to working memory model

A

7 +-2

222
Q

Cognitive psychology history

A
  • 1879 - Wundt’s first lab
  • Ebbinghaus 1885 - forgetting curve
  • 1948 Tolman’s mice and maze
  • 1956 MIT Symposium
  • 1967: First cog book published Ulrich Neisser
  • Turing Test

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