1st Test Tutorial Personality Flashcards
reliability
is test getting consistent scores
internal consistency reliability
degree of consistency between subparts of test
(scoring high on MCQ -> scoring high on FRQ)
validity
is test measuring what it’s supposed to measure
construct validity
is test measuring theoretical construct
convergent validity
is test related to what is should theoretically be related to
when 2 diff measures measuring same thing give similar results
- questionnaire about ethics (high ethics)
- experiment to see how many people take more than 1 candle -> expect no transgressions
discrimination validity
test not related to what it should not be related to
content validity
test measuring domain it’s supposed to be measuring
IQ test that measures all 7 types of IQ
3 biases
- response set bias
- ethnic bias
- gender bias
2 response set biases
- acquiescence response set = people more likely to agree than disagree with statement
- social desirability = people pick answer which makes them look best
Q.sort tests
self concept of own characteristics
bio measures
- EEG -> brain waves
- PET -> radioactive glucose
- fMRI -> oxygen blood levels
thematic apperception test
patient has to come up with story of pic
R.B Cattell
used statistics to group adjectives of personality
Q-data = questionnaire data
T-data = test data
L-data = life data
discovered 16 personalities
Allport’s trait
constant core portion of human
Allport’s personal disposition
person’s goals, motives nuclear quality
cardinal disposition = dispositions that heavily influence behaviour
Big 5 personality traits
- introversion/extroversion
- agreeableness
- openness
- conscientiousness = dependable
- neuroticism = emotional instability
implicit personality theory
bias that certain traits go together
Big 5 used for
career advice
Eysenck’s 3 Personalities
- introversion/extroversion
- neuroticism
- psychoticism
zero-acquaintance state
personality judgement from people we’ve never met
high consensus with all zero acquaintance observers
diff personality needs
inventor
Henry Murray
1. n Ach = need for achievement
- n Aff = need for affection
- n Pow = need for power
- n Exh = need for exhibition or expression
good health expressions
- fluid and charismatic
- outwards focused gestures
bad health expressions
- hostile
- anxious
- unexpressiveness -> Parkinson’s or stroke victims
free association
psychoanalytic
report everything that comes to mind
2 parts of dream analysis
look into unconscious
1. manifest content = what person consciously remembers
- latent content = underlying hidden meaning of manifest content
3 parts of Freudian mind
- id -> pleasure principle
- ego
- superego
Psychosexual Dev Stages
- oral
- anal
3.phallic - latency
- genital
Oedipus complex
boys sexual feelings towards mother and rivalry with father
castration anxiety
unconscious fear of castration bc boys love of mother and realising can’t overpower father
8 defence mechanisms
- repression
- sublimation
- projection
- reaction formation = overemphasising opposite of threatening feeling
- denial
- displacement
- rationalisation
- regression
neo-analytic meaning
personality psych with ego as core of personality
Jung’s 3 parts of personality
- conscious ego
- personal unconscious
- collective unconscious = archetypes
Jung’s 4 functions of mind
(rational or irrational)
- sensing -> rational
- thinking -> rationally
- feeling -> irrational
- intuiting -> irrational
who founded individual psych
Alfred Adler
Adler’s complexes
- inferiority = exaggerated feelings of incompetence
- superiority = exaggerated arrogance developed to compensate for feelings of inferiority
- organ inferiority = each person has weakness in certain body part which body tries to compensate for
- aggression drive = when unable to achieve or perceived helplessness
- masculine protest = kids trying to become competent and independent
Adler’s goals
- perfection striving = eliminating perceived flaws
- fictional goals = striving of self improvement
Adler’s 3 tasks people need to do
- occupational task
- societal task
- love task
Adler and birth other
- firstborn = strive for achievement, independent, nurturing
- secondborn = competitive, low self-esteem
- lastborn = babied, lazy due to too much pressure, creative / rebellious
Adler’s Personality Types
- ruling dominant
- getting learning
- avoiding
- socially useful
Karen Horney’s Ideas
- rejection of penis envy
- basic anxiety
- motivation from society + family
- styles from childrearing
Horney’s basic anxiety
fear of being alone, helpless, insecure
Horney’s styles from childbearing
- passive = compliant
- moving towards coping strat - aggressive = moving against -> striving for power
- withdrawn = moving away
Horney’s selves
- real self
- despised self = shortcomings
- ideal self = based on defeating shortcomings
object relation theories meaning
importance of relationships with others to define ourselves
Marg Mahler children
- symbiotic psychotic = hovering parents leads to no formation of own identity
- normal symbiotic
Melanie Klein achievement
developed play therapy
Erikson’s stages of dev
- trust vs mistrust
- autonomy vs shame
- initiation vs guilt
- industry vs inferiority
- identity vs role confusion
- intimacy vs isolation
- generativity vs stagnation
- ego integrity vs despair
humanistic psych
- free will!
- organismic = inner push for growth
- “I-Thou Dialogue” relation between you and people v important
- striving for self-fulfillment
Erich Fromm
- love is art
- dialectical humanism = reconcile bio drives + social expectations by saying humans can transcend those
proof for Fromm
- consumerist societies (moving away from love) are more anxious + depressed
- places with no community have higher crime rates and unrest
Carl Rogers
- responsibility for own growth
- maturing isn’t inevitable we have to want it
Rogerian therapy
- client oriented
- non-directive
- unconditional positive regard towards client + empathetic toward them
Rollo May
- anxiety, dread + despair core part of human
anxiety = core human value threatened
anxiety means we have freedom
Maslow ideas
- self-actualisation
- peak experiences
- hierarchy of needs
peak experiences
moments when people transcend self and feel completely fulfilled
“flow”
hierarchy of needs
- D needs = deficiency needs
- physiological
- safety
- belonging
*esteem - B needs = being
- self-actualisation
positive psychology findings on happiness
personality + situational factors
