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3 + 4+ 5 semester > Personality Psych > Flashcards

Personality Psych Flashcards

1
Q

the Self

A

part of brain that makes us who we are, smaller than personality

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2
Q

personality psych definiton

A

scientific study of psych sources that make people uniquely themselves

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3
Q

what can change personality

A
  1. traumatic events
  2. head trauma
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4
Q

what does personality consist of

A
  1. traits
  2. behaviours
  3. thoughts
  4. past experiences
  5. motivations
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5
Q

personality definition

A

set of stable + interrelated psych characteristics and mechanisms in person that influence their interaction with environment and adaptation to physical, social and intrapsychic environment

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6
Q

intrapsychic environment definition

A

internal characteristics
- gender
- worldview etc

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7
Q

personality both congenital and acquired

A

temperament is congenital
personality made by experiences

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8
Q

8 aspects of personality

A
  1. unconscious aspect
  2. ego forces
  3. biological being
  4. aspects shaped by culture + time
  5. cognitive dimension
  6. skills + predispositions
  7. spiritual dimension
  8. interaction between person and specific environment
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9
Q

logic / deductive approach

A

theory -> collecting info to support theory

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10
Q

inductive approach

A
  • collecting data and drawing conclusions,
  • qualitative
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11
Q

Gordon Allport

A
  • uniqueness and dignity of individual
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12
Q

nomothetic approach

A

generalise people from objective knowledge

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13
Q

idiographic approach

A

recognising uniqueness from subjective knowledge

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14
Q

Barnum Effect

A

vague generalisations such as star signs

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15
Q

8 perspectives of personality

A
  1. unconscious aspects
  2. ego forces
  3. biological being
  4. environmental influence
  5. cog dimension
  6. collection of traits, skills, predispositions
  7. spiritual dimension
  8. specific environment-person interaction
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16
Q

reliability definiton

A

error variance / precision

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17
Q

internal consistency reliability

A

halves of tests should be correlated

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18
Q

test-retest reliability

A

same test different occasions

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19
Q

patterns (Allport)

A

basic underlying mechanisms that remain stable

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20
Q

construct validity definition

A

how well the test measures the concept it intends to measure

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21
Q

convergent validity

A

subtype of construct validity

tests whether construts that should be related are related

e.g.: new intelligence test correlates highly with pre-established intelligence tests

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22
Q

discriminant validity

A

different constructs are distinct and not highly correlated with other constructs

job satisfaction shouldn’t directly correlate to job performance

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23
Q

acquiescence response set (Bias)

A

people rather agree than disagree

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24
Q

response set (bias)

A

a trait that isn’t being measured leads to the responses is being measured

e.g. people choosing neutral ratings

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25
Q

Galton’s experience sampling method of assessment

A

record current activity or thought process

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26
Q

3 types of correlational research

A
  1. naturalistic observation
  2. archival
  3. survey method
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27
Q

experiment defintion

A

careful manipulation of IV to see effects

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28
Q

diff between quasi and true experiment

A

quasi does not do random assortment of participants

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29
Q

what did Breur study

A

free associations/ dreams -> influenced freud

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30
Q

Charcot what did he study

A

hysteria in women -> influence on Freud

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31
Q

Freud’s unconsciousness

A

threatening thoughts + urges put there which are turned into non-threatening symbols of dreams

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32
Q

manifest content definition

A

what dreams are literally about

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33
Q

latent content definiton

A

what the literal dreams actually mean

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34
Q

principle that guides ego

A

reality principle

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35
Q

principle that guides id

A

pleasure principle -> satisfy pleasure and reduce pain

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36
Q

Freud’s mind categories in modern neurobiology

A
  1. id: primal -> brainstem
  2. ego: emo + motivations -> limbic system
  3. superego: higher intelligence -> neocortex
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37
Q

hydraulic displacement model

A

emo energy needs to be released but we can choose context (redirect E)

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38
Q

neoanalytic psychology

A

ego is the core of personality

  • arises from interactions/ conflict with others
  • more social less bio
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39
Q

archetype definition

A

cumulative experience of ancestors make up personality

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40
Q

Jung’s psyche categories

A
  1. concsious ego -> sense of self
  2. personal unconscious -> thoughts accessible but not relevant in the moment
  3. collective unconscious -> archetypes, predispositions etc
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41
Q

Jung’s animus/anima

A

animus = male element of woman
anima = female element of man

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42
Q

Jung’s libido

A

emotionally charged feelings/thoughts related to particular theme

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43
Q

Jung’s word association test

A

find theme of associations in words to then work on if weird

-more scientific than Freud

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44
Q

Jung’s functions of mind

A
  1. thinking (rational)
  2. sensing (rational)
  3. feeling (irrational)
  4. intuition (irrational)
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45
Q

Alfred Adler Neoanalytic appraoch

A

individual psychology

  • finding perceived niche in society
  • individualised motivations
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46
Q

Adler’s complexes

A
  1. inferiority
  2. superiority
  3. organ inferiority
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47
Q

Adler’s drives

A
  1. aggression drive -> to perceived helplessness
  2. masculine drive -> for autonomy
  3. perfection striving -> of fictional goals for self-improvement
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48
Q

Adler’s social issues

A
  1. occupational task
  2. societal tasks
  3. love tasks
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49
Q

adler’s typology

A
  1. ruling dominant = low social interst, high activity
  2. getting-learning = low social interest, low activity
  3. avoiding = v low social interest, low activity
  4. socially useful = high social interest, high activity
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50
Q

Horney’s theory of children

A

basic anxiety = being alone and helpless

passive style -> compliance

aggressive style -> fighting

avoidant style -> don’t engage emotionally

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51
Q

Horney’s theory of self

A
  1. real self -> core of personality, potential for self-realisation
  2. despised self -> from other’s negative evaluations
  3. ideal self -> what we should be
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52
Q

horney: what makes a neurotic person

A

alienation from real self

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53
Q

diff between Horney and Freud

A
  1. id,ego,superego
  2. importance of unconsious
  3. shaping personality in childhood
  4. dynamics of anxiety and defense mechanism
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54
Q

Horney neurotic coping strats

A
  1. moving towards -> looking for approval schema
  2. moving against -> over ID with ideal self -> entitlement schema
  3. moving away -> shame schema
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55
Q

Anna Freud

A

psychoanalysis applied to kids

id,ego, superego but environment emphasised

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56
Q

Heinz Hartmann

A

id and ego work in compensatory mechanisms

ego as self-preservation (not pleasure-seeking)

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57
Q

Object Relations Theories Self

A

socially constructed as a function of specific interpersonal interactions

- kids learns about self through interaction with significant people
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58
Q

Margaret Mahler and kids

A
  1. symbiotic psychotic child = overly dependent + protected by mother so there is no way they can for sense of self
  2. normal symbiotic child = healthy ties with other, allowing to form sense of self + autonomy
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59
Q

Otto Kernberg

A
  • relations with others matter most in personality development
  • Kernberg’s I = integrated self
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60
Q

Melanie Klein

A
  1. play therapy
  2. love-hate paradigm = towards sig objects (mothers)
    • kids seek mother for dependence but also have a drive towards being independent
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61
Q

Heinz Kohut

A

father of dynamic therapy

strongest fear -> loss of loved object

idealising transference = therapist as alternative paternal love object

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62
Q

Mark Snyder’s Self monitoring

A

people adjust behaviour to fit social situations

self-presentation -> doing what is socially expected

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63
Q

psyschology - functionalists

A

what purpose emotions and behaviours have

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64
Q

personal projects definiton

A

motivations

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65
Q

personal strivings

A

more general motivators

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66
Q

Cantor’s life tasks definitions

A

age-determined issues people are currently concentrating on

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67
Q

neo-analytics on therapy

A
  1. early fears
  2. faulty patterns to be discussed
  3. poor early relations, complexes etc
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68
Q

evolutionary personality theory

A

primary function of personality is survival

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69
Q

Genes and Personality

A
  1. Angelmann syndrome -> good humour + cheerful
  2. Williams -> social + friendly
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70
Q

behavioural genomics

A

how individual differences (genes) affect behaviour

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71
Q

quantitative genetics definition

A

nature or nurture? compare twins separated at birth

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72
Q

molecular genetics definition

A

correlates of specific gene

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73
Q

temperament definition

A

stable, individual differences in emotional reactivity

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74
Q

4 aspects of temperament

A
  1. activity
  2. emotional
  3. sociability
  4. aggressiveness/impulsivity
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75
Q

FCZ-KT - what is it

A

temperament questionnaire, revised version

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76
Q

FCZ-KT temperament scales

A
  1. alertness
  2. perserverance
  3. sensory sensitivity
  4. endurance
  5. emotional reactivity
  6. activity
  7. rhythmicity = biological functions, sleep etc
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77
Q

Eysenck’s Model of Nervous System Temperament -> Extroverts

A
  • low level of brain arousal
  • seeking stimulus
  • well modulated nervous system
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78
Q

Eysenck’s Model of Nervous System Temperament -> introverts

A
  • high level of CNS arousal
  • shying away from stimulus
  • highly reactive nervous system
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79
Q

problems with Eysenck’s model

A
  • hard to measure
  • body tries to be in equilibrium so v hard to see differences
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80
Q

Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

A

observation and learning are key to survival (reward,, danger, punishment)

BIS and BAS

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81
Q

Gray’s behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A
  • orienting and punishing responses
    • anxiety, alert worrying
    • avoidance pattern to avoid punishment + discomfort
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82
Q

Gray’s behavioural activation system (BAS)

A
  • rewards
    • impulsiveness, seeking rewards
    • looking for gratification
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83
Q

Correlation of sensation seeking and addiction?

A
  1. low level of natural activation -> seeking external arousal
  2. high serotonin levels -> impulsivity
  3. dopamine regulation
  4. hemispheric activities -> right side overreaction to negative
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84
Q

do peers and parents shape personality?

A
  • more observable when older
  • bio predispositions influence diff depending on environment
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85
Q

diff hereditary psych issues

A
  • schizophrenia
  • bipolar
  • depression
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86
Q

poisoning on personality

A
  1. lead -> anitsocial behaviour in kids
  2. manganese -> compulsiveness
  3. mercury
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87
Q

Cloninger’s Neurotransmitter Theory

A

low levels dopamine = sensation seeking

no researhc to back this yet

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88
Q

tropism defintion

A
  • tendency to seek out specific types of environment
    • temperamental differences that rise from genetics
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89
Q

Kretschmer’s somatotypes

A
  1. endomorph = good natured
  2. mesomorph = prone to be athletes
  3. ectomorph (skinny) = bookworm
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90
Q

reactions of others on personality

A
  1. halo effect
  2. social expectations
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91
Q

sociobiology definition + examples

A

social behaviour evolution

human courtship -> mating

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92
Q

cinderella effect: real or fake?

A

when stepparents care more about own kids

NOT scientifically proven

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93
Q

bio aspects of personality implications on psych therpy

A
  1. bio interventions
  2. gene therapies
  3. plastic surgery
  4. hormones
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94
Q

social darwinism

A

cultures also compete (survival of fittest -> superior race)

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95
Q

eugenics definition

A

sterilization of the poor and unwanted

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96
Q

generlisation + discrimination definiton for conditioning

A

generalisation = having same conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to conditioned stimulus

discrimination = learn to tell dif between stimulus to only react to conditioned stim

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97
Q

behaviourism defintion

A

learned, observed, conditioned

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98
Q

systematic desensitisation (Watson)

A

stop phobia by dissociating stimulus from fear response (instead combining it with pleasurable stimulus)

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99
Q

Watson’s 3 main ideas

A
  1. environment key to understanding personality
  2. altering undesired behaviour rather than figuring out what caused it
  3. personality as function of environment
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100
Q

E- Thorndike Law of Effect

A

if something good happens after behaviour you’re more likely to do it again

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101
Q

operant conditioning - shaping definition

A

getting desired behaviour

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102
Q

radical deterministic theory defintion

A

there is no free will because emotions + thoughts all caused by environment

every behaviour you do is guided by operant conditioning

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103
Q

most effective reinforcement?

A

partial reinforcement -> never knowing if behaviour will be rewarded (gambling)

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104
Q

Skinner’s ideas:

A

Walden II -> behaviourism as tool for society

token economy -> rewards for desired behaviour

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105
Q

Skinner believed psychopathology (maladaptive personality) came from 3 things

A
  1. wrong response
  2. deficit
  3. right response never learned
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106
Q

Behaviourists Reinterpretation of Neo-Analytics

id
ego
superego
defence mechanism
archetype

A
  • id → innate susceptibility to reinforcement
  • ego → learned responses to practical contingencies of everyday life
  • superego → behaviour from punitive practices of soceity
    • also can be learned by observation or talk
  • defence mechanism → avoid conditioned aversive stimulation
  • archetypes → certain universal characteristics
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107
Q

Clark Hull

habits
primary drive

A

hab it = simple association between stim and response

primary drive = fundamental innate motivator of behaviour
*hunger, pain, sex

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108
Q

social learning theory

A

situation -> primary rxn -> secondary rxn (acquired) -> motivation for new behaviour

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109
Q

habit hierarchy defintion

A

which response is more important to us
* behave in way most rewarding to us (individual differences)

extroverts find social interaction highly rewarding so will make it a habit to go to spritzer standl

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110
Q

Harlow rhesus monke study

A

attachment higher in hierarchy than food

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111
Q

behaviourist reinterpretation of Freud

A

psychosexual stages as criticial dev stages -> more vulnerable to learn secondary behaviours

parents (environmental) rxn cause dev issues

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112
Q

approach avoidance conflict definition

A

when primary drives (sex) in opposition to conditioned response (punishment)

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113
Q

Miller’s frustration aggression hypthesis

A

aggression a result of blocking or frustrating someone from reaching goal

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114
Q

behaviourism (spears) on child rearing

A

personality as potential for action

  • don’t punish kids for dependency
  • motivations, expectations + habits
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115
Q

reinforcement sensitivity theory

A

diff people react better to diff reinforcements

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116
Q

act frequency approach definition

A

assess personality through observing frequency of observable actions

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117
Q

perception- gestalt psychology

A
  • see environment -> seek meaning -> org sensations

individual differences bc our perceptions differ

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118
Q

Kurt Lewin on personality

A

personality influenced by:

  1. internal psychological structure
  2. forces of external environment
  3. relationship between them
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119
Q

life space definition

A

internal and external forces acting upon an individual

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120
Q

Lewin - contemporaneous causation

A

thoughts based on our momentary conditions

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121
Q

field dependent vs field independent people meaning

A

dependent: rely on external clues and context when processing info -> extroverts + collaborators

independent: internal reference + analytical thinking for processing info

122
Q

rod and frame test

A

how people solve problems (independent or dependent field)

123
Q

cognitive complexity definiton i

A

comprehend, utilise + being comfortable with no. of distinct elements in which event is analysed

124
Q

learning style defintion

A

preferred appraoch to learning (auditory, visual, independent etc)

part of personality -> correlates w tests

125
Q

Piaget’s schema theory + script

A
  • cog structures organising expectations

script = known scenarios of the event (guides behaviours)

we learn on our own -> personality is a series of scripts

126
Q

situated social cognition

A

intepretation of event shaped by the situation it happens in

127
Q

3 ADHD types

A
  1. hyperactive -> too little/mcuh attention
  2. inattentive ->
    3, combined
128
Q

rejection sensitivity

A

hypersensitivity to cues of rejection leading to actual rejection

128
Q

role construct repertory test

A

see individual constructs

view of characteristics of what people find most important in life

129
Q

Kelly - personal construct theory

A

we actively try to understand world -> constructivism

individual bc influenced by past experiences

personality is NOT set of traits but personal experience collected

130
Q

emotional intelligence (Goleman) definition

A

self awarness, emotional regulation + empathy

131
Q

Gardner’s theory of intelligences

A

intelligence = way of knowing about the world

8 diff intelligences

132
Q

explanatory style defintion

A

how we explain cause of events

optimistic: temporary, specific to situation, not your fault

pessimistic: always there, non-specific, you’re at fault

133
Q

Bandura’s domain specific self-efficacy

A

belief of own self-efficacy in diff tasks

134
Q

what impacts self-efficacy

A
  1. previous experiences
  2. verbal persuasion -> encouragement
  3. do ability (of others) -> if they can do it so can we
135
Q

Weiner on explaining success of failure (attribution theory)

A
  1. locus of control (internal or external cause)
  2. controllability
  3. stability -> if cause stable it means unchangeable
    *I failed because I suck at maths
136
Q

achievement oriented behaviours definition

A

expectancy of success

137
Q

pattern of goal making -> Carol Dweck

A
  1. helpless -> fixed mindset of nothing can be done to change
    *failure due to inherent traits
  2. mastery oriented
138
Q

learned helplessness defintion

A

depressive schema -> unavoidable punishment so don’t even try to escape

139
Q

how to cure learned helplessness

A
  1. CBT
  2. learned optimism
  3. personality as cognitive skill
140
Q

Rotter - locus of control approach (behaviour potential)

A

before action carried out consider

  1. reinforcement value -> do I care?
  2. outcome expectancy -> will I cope?
141
Q

different types of secondary reinforcements

A
  1. recognition
  2. dominance
  3. independence
  4. protection-dependency
  5. love and affection
  6. physical comfort (avoid pain)
142
Q

Behavior potential definition

A

likelihood someone will engage in behavior in specific situation based on outcome expectancy + reinforcement value

143
Q

Bandura’s social cognitive learning theory steps

A

. reinforcements -> internalisation -> changed knowledge and expectations -> changed behaviour

144
Q

social cog learning theory -> self system defintion

A

cog processes: perceiving, eval, regulation of behaviours for appropriateness

145
Q

vicarious learning definition

A

observational learning through modelling

146
Q

bandura processes

A
  1. attention
  2. retention
  3. motor reproduction (rehearsing)
  4. motivation
147
Q

difference between rotter (locus of control) and Bandura (self-efficacy)

A

Rotter: belief between certain behaviour on outcome

Bandura: belief of own ability for successful behaviour

148
Q

trait approach to personality defintion

A

basic, limited set of adjective dimensions to describe + scale individs

149
Q

humoral trait approach (Hippocrates)

A
  1. melancholic -> depressed
  2. sanguine -> warm
  3. choleric -> fiery + passionate
  4. phlegmatic -> slow + rational
150
Q

Myers-Briggs indicator -> scales

A
  1. extroversion/introversion
  2. sensing/intuiting
  3. judging/perceiving
  4. thinking/feeling
151
Q

Allport’s defintion of traits

A

neuropsychic core tendencies that underlies behaviour across time

factor analysing = grouping data of descriptions

152
Q

r Pearson defintion
*who invented it?

A

Cattell

correlation coefficient

153
Q

who had the 16 personality factor questionnaire?

A

RB Cattell

154
Q

Allport on prejudice as personality trait

A

developed by environment (culture)

155
Q

Allport’s functional equivalence

A

same action can have diff meanings or purposes

156
Q

Allport on common traits

A
  • we all share them bc basic dimensions (clean, pleasant, feminine, masculine)
  • functionally autonomous (once motivation set up it can be done for diff reasons)
  • proprium = core of personality, has bio counterpart
157
Q

Allport’s nuclear quality

A

personal disposition in terms of unique goals, motives etc

158
Q

Allport’s personal dispositions

A

trait peculiar to individual

159
Q

Allport’s cardinal disposition

A

exerts overwhelming influence on behaviour

160
Q

Allport’s central disposition

A

stable traits that define who you are

161
Q

Big 5
*inventors?

A

Costa + McCrae

  1. extroversion/introversion
  2. agreeableness
  3. openness
  4. neuroticism
  5. conscientiousness
162
Q

impliciti personality theory

A

bias of wrongly assuming certain traits go together

163
Q

are big 5 stable over time?

A

no they change over time and with environment

164
Q

Eysenck’s big 3

A
  1. extroversion -> sensitivity of signals of rewards
  2. neuroticism -> sensitivity to signals of punishment
  3. psychoticism ->hostile + cynical
165
Q

types in health pysch

A
  1. Type A = workaholic + aggressive
  2. Type B = easygoing
  3. Type C = cautious + hard-working
  4. Type D = distressed
166
Q

motives definition

A

internal psychobiological forces driving behaviours

167
Q

Henry Murray’s needs

A
  1. nAch
  2. nExh
  3. nAff
  4. nPow
168
Q

Murray’s TAT test

A

analysing pics to see internal motivations

169
Q

psych traits implication on therapy

A

we can change our motivations + goals NOT our natures

170
Q

existentialism defintion

A

world wouldn’t exist if humans weren’t here to see it

171
Q

positivism defintion

A

there are laws that govern behaviour of objects in world -> behaviourist

172
Q

Heidegger’s “being-in-the-world”

A

self can’t exist without world and world can’t exist without a being perceiving it

173
Q

Satre + Camus on morality

A
  • taking responsibility
  • torture of our own perception
174
Q

phenomenology definition

A

people’s subjective realities considered valid data for investigation

175
Q

humanism / humanistic approach

A

personal worth + importance of human values

176
Q

Buber’s two approaches

A
  1. I-Thou = everyone is unique value
  2. I-It = utilitarian using others
177
Q

CSIKSZENTMIHALYI

A
  • flow
  • dialectical tension -> creative people have traits that seemingly contradict creativity
178
Q

Erich Fromm - humanism

A
  1. love is art
  2. transcend society to love and create
  3. freedom is work
179
Q

dialectical humanisim -> Fromm

A

2 sides of humanity:
- socially pressured
- biologically driven

  • people CAN rise above
180
Q

Carl Rogers - Humanism

A
  1. maturing is not inevitable -> needs will
  2. personal responsibility + supportive environment
  3. fulfilling one’s potential
  4. natural goodness of human
181
Q

Roger’s view on people

A

experiencing persons
*broad self-concept
* internal control
*understanding feelings / experiences

182
Q

Rogerian therapy

A
  • unconditional acceptance
  • client-oriented
  • non-directive
  • person as process -> fulfilling potentials not changing traits
183
Q

becoming ones self

A
  1. trust your experiences
  2. accept existential anxiety
  3. expectations of others
184
Q

Rollo May - humanism

A

core experiences of human freedom are -> anxiety, dread powerlessness

anxiety triggered by threat to core values of existence

185
Q

Maslow’s peak experiences

A

transcending self - being at one with the world
*flow

186
Q

James and Pearle on peak experiences

A

Gestalt -> truth illuminating spiritual happenings

187
Q

Maslow’s true self-actualisation happens when

A

realistic knowledge about selves + accepting it

188
Q

organismic approach to humanism

A

natural push that comes from inside living organism -> natural tendency for self-actualisation

189
Q

Maslow’s D and B needs

A

D needs
1. physiological needs
2. safety
3. belonging
4. esteem

B need
1. self-actualisation

190
Q

Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) - What does it measure

A

self-actualisation

191
Q

Rollo May - what makes us happy

A

using talents to strive for important accomplishments

192
Q

Myers American paradox

A

the more material abundance the more societal regression + depression

193
Q

Myers steps of pursuit of happiness

A
  1. help others
  2. monitor own wealth-seeking
  3. avoid television
  4. keep gratefulness journal
  5. seek spiritual experiences
  6. set long-term goals
  7. accept that change happens slowly
194
Q

humanism implications on therapy

A
  1. retreats
  2. self-knowledge through experiences
  3. unconditioned positive regard
  4. communal trust
195
Q

is personality x situation a new approach?

A

NO!

  • neoanalytics
  • behaviourism
  • trait theory
196
Q

Sullivan definition of personality

A

enduring pattern of current interpersonal situations that characterises person’s life -> NO traits

197
Q

Sullivan’s chumship definition

A
  • social self
  • preadolescent chums as social mirror for forming identity
198
Q

Sullivan individual behaviour

A

come from being rejected or socially accepted

199
Q

Mead social self definition

A

who we are = interactions + identity in social world

200
Q

INTERPERSONAL THEORY OF PSYCHIATRY

A
  1. essence of personality
  2. family and society
  3. patterns of human relationships
201
Q

difference between Sullivan and neo-Freudians

A

Sullivan: personality changes all the time as function of relations

neo-Freud: personality fixed in early childhood

202
Q

illusion of individuality

A

you have as many personalities as interpersonal situations

social impact on yourself -> no point locking away psychiatric patients

203
Q

Murray’s personology defintioin

A

unconscious motivations + environmental pressures (Lewin) + trait concept

204
Q

McAdams narrative approach

A

studying motivations through autobiography

  1. intimacy motive
  2. internal inclinations -> natural tendencies
205
Q

Walter Mischel on personality

A

personality NOT valuable concept

  • behaviour can’t be predicted
206
Q

Mischel delay of gratification

A

individual strategies from experiences

  1. competencies
  2. encoding
  3. expectancies
  4. plans
207
Q

behavioural signatures

A

unique patterns of behaviour in specific situations that lead to apparent consistency of individuals personality

208
Q

Mischel on predicting behaviour

A

testing similar situations -> comprehensive atlas of situations

209
Q

Epstein’s aggregation

A

averaging behaviour across situations (over time) to improve reliability of behaviour assessment

210
Q

seeking + creating situations for personality

A
  • reinforcing self-concept
  • unique perception of an event
  • confirmatory vs noncomfirmatory feedback
211
Q

personality over time?

A
  1. shaped through our life
  2. changes over time
212
Q

personality traits as protective factor in life?

A

YES ->
1.conscientiousness
2. readiness (past xp)

213
Q

what makes us more prone to depression later in life?

A

experiencing loss in a critical period

214
Q

circumplex model defintion

A

circular way to organise relationships of traits

215
Q

ego development

A

factor that decides how to behave in situation
*rxn depends on maturity
*all factors of situation itself

216
Q

Avshalom life-course approach

A

patterns of behaviour change as function of :

  1. age
  2. culture
  3. life events
  4. abilities
  5. social groups
217
Q

things women do better

A
  1. talk earlier
  2. more verbally advanced
  3. higher grades
  4. better nonverbal communication
218
Q

things men do better

A
  1. spatial abilities
  2. geography + politics
  3. verbally + physical aggressive
219
Q

Friedman + Martin gender difference study on longevity

A

feminine men + women lived longer

220
Q

hormone effects on gender

A
  1. more androgen females -> rougher, more aggressive, higher activity level
  2. turner syndrome (no androgens in males) -> timid, weaker spatial + math abilities

3.androgenised females

221
Q

historical bs on hormones and puberty

A
  1. wandering womb causes hysteria
  2. hysterectomies (removing womb) to combat this
222
Q

neo-analytic approach to gender difference

A

Eriskon: physical construction of genitals

Horney: bearing children envy

Jung: animus + anima

Chodorow: object (mother) influences boy/girl personality

223
Q

bio approach to gender diff

A
  1. diff sexual mating strats
  2. no. of sexual interactions
  3. reproductive opportunities for women
  4. women instinct is to want to get pregnant
224
Q

is maternal instinct real?

A

bio: more prolactin

evolutionary: sentiment doesn’t make sense

there is a strong learning component

225
Q

behaviourism on maternal instinct -> social learning

A
  • reinforcement, modelling etc
  • parent as socialiser for sex-typed traits
  • peers, teachers, media
226
Q

cog approach to gender difference -> gender schema theory

A

gender schema = appropriate behaviours + situations for males/females

  • influence on informational processing
  • influence on self-esteem (what is correct behaviour for me)
227
Q

Bem Sex Role Inventory

A

trait approach

androgynous most functional in most situations

228
Q

achievement differences among males and females?

A

males higher achievement drives bc
- testosterone
- societal expectations

229
Q

humanistic approach to gender diff

A
  • transcended people beyond gender diff
  • more educational opportunities will lower differences
230
Q

interactionist approach to gender diff

A
  • putting girls in more nurture-demanding situations
  • immediate social situations
  • diff motivations rather than abilities
  • non-verbal communication
231
Q

Eagly social roles theory

A

roles people have in society shape behaviour

*in-group comparison leads to ignoring unfair gender diff

232
Q

psychosomatic medicien

A

the mind effects the body

233
Q

personality has 2 impacts on health

A
  1. unhealthy habits (smoking)
  2. physiological abnormalities (stress)
234
Q

health behaviour definition

A

personality affects the way we out ourselves in more or less healthy situations

235
Q

2 problems with emo reg that leads to bad health behaviour

A
  1. aggresiveness, alienation
  2. seeking tranquilisers or stimulants
236
Q

stress makes you fat through

A
  • prolonged activation of HPA
  • eating more to cope
237
Q

Farley Type T theory

A

thrill seeking personalities have internal deficit of arousal

238
Q

sick role definition

A

society’s expectation of how one should act if they aren’t healthy

239
Q

somatopsychic effect

A

illness affects personality and how we react to environment
*asthma
*dementia
*diabetes

240
Q

diathesis stress model

A

mental disorders develop due to genetic vulnerability AND environmental stressors

241
Q

BERNARD LOWN – CARDIAC DEATH

A

emotiona stress from triggering event can play major role in cardiac death

242
Q

Type A most susceptible to what illness

A

cardiac / coronary heard disease

  • excessive arousal due to excessive competition and hostility
243
Q

Type D susceptible to

A

learned helplessness

*chronic pain
*asthma

244
Q

Terman - Stanford Binet test on longevity of kids

death factors

A
  1. cheerfulness ( extroverted -> smoking)
  2. family stress -> death or divorce
245
Q

self-healing personality

A
  1. commitment to something meaningful
  2. feeling control
  3. excitement and energy to life
  4. trust not gullible
246
Q

Humanistic health personality

A
  • growth-oriented
  • philosophical jokes not your mom jokes
  • concerned with harmony and ethics
247
Q

Broaden and Build Model

A

experiencing positive emotions broadens peoples modes of thinking and responding

248
Q

post-traumatic growth

A
  • self-disclosure and social support help change narrative dev
249
Q

Antonovsky sense of coherence

A

person’s confidence that world is understandable, manageable and meaningful

250
Q

types of coherence

A
  1. comprehensibility → cog component
  2. manageability → behaviour component
  3. meaningfulness → motivational component
251
Q

salutogenesis meaning

A

you care about not getting sick ->
control in the grand scheme of things

252
Q

what constitutes ethnic identity

A
  1. peers + family
  2. societal institutions (religion, edu system, gvt, nationality)
  3. cultural effects = shared customs + behaviours
  4. history of ethnic group
  5. class
253
Q

ethnocentrism defintion

A

believing our culture is universal

254
Q

Margaret Mead - differences of cultures

A
  • samoans don’t have difficulties of adolescence
  • effects of hormonal change vary as function of societal response
255
Q

individualistic societies on school performance

A
  • competitive
  • fulfilling one’s potential
256
Q

collectivistic societies on school performance

A
  • collaboration
  • empathy, warmth, respect
257
Q

emic approach definition

A

insider perspective

258
Q

etic approach definition

A

outsider perspective

259
Q

ethnic group definition

A

group with shared cultural customs BUT overgeneralisation

260
Q

religion impact on personality

A
  1. religious expectations (can be contradictory to cultural)
  2. self-reg, social integration, health
  3. protestant work ethic
  4. spirituality (humanistic approach)
261
Q

socioeconomic influence on personality

A
  • high SES -> less likely to get sick and die prematurely
262
Q

Karl Marx and his ideas

A
  1. private properity encourages selfishness + dehumanisation
  2. capitalism -> alienation + selfishness
  3. worker’s paradise is psychological fulfillment
263
Q

language on personality

A
  • self-expression
  • group identity
  • field independent personality -> active verbs
264
Q

idiolect definition

A

unique version of one’s native lang

265
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity

A

the language we speak influences the way we think + perceive

266
Q

culture free test

A

tests that don’t favour one culture

267
Q

culture fair test

A

tests that minimise influence of culture, edu etc on score

268
Q

System of Multicultural Pluralistic Assessment (SOMPA) what is it

A

assess kid abilities in culturally fair way (within group comparison instead of to other culture)

269
Q

stereotype threat definition

A

other’s judgement will negatively stereotype individual

270
Q

Ludwig Wittgenstein on language

A

if we don’t have a word for something it doesn’t exist

271
Q

Freud on culture

A

society tries to develop ways to control id

272
Q

Klein on culture

A

diff child-rearing practices + attachments in diff cultures

273
Q

Darwin on culture

A

evolution shapes genetic tendencies -> culture appears

274
Q

BK Skinner on culture

A

culture as set of reinforcements at certain geo location or shared environment

275
Q

Bandura on culture

A

processing info among group makes people share unique understanding of how world works

276
Q

Allport on culture

A

behaviours particular to every culture but at same time individual

277
Q

Rogers on culture

A

culture as striving for enduring meaning and value in life

278
Q

Murray on culture

A

culture as collection of common situations

  • can’t ignore particular individual in particular situation
279
Q

etiological explanations definition

A

understanding human behaviour based off of animal behaviour

*aggression as product of evolution

280
Q

Lorenz process

A

organised sports as funnel of pent up aggression

281
Q

brain disorder on love/hate

A
  • lesions in brain (hypothalamus/amygdala -> temporal) effects personality located in frontal lobe
282
Q

what do lesions in brain do for behaviour

A

-aggression outburst

283
Q

what does drug induced brain disorders do for behaviour

A
  • impulsivity
  • outbursts

(serotonin + dopamine in reward system effected )

284
Q

gene-environment interaction on aggression

A
  • both impact aggression levels
    *genes -> temperament
  • env -> neglect + abuse
285
Q

psychoanalytic on hate

A
  • thanatos drive = self-destructive counterforce to libido
  • defence mechanisms
  • antisocial personality disorder
286
Q

neo-analytic on hate

A
  • shadow
  • dictator type
  • Adler’s inferiority complexes
  • Adler’s ruling type
  • Horney aggressive personality
287
Q

Erich Fromm on hate

A
  • authoritarian personality from bad parenting
  • strong id, weak ego, v strong superego leads to projecting sexual urges on to others
  • f-scale (fascism)
288
Q

humanistic on how to avoid hate

Rogers
Maslow

A
  • Rogers:unconditional positive regard from parents
  • Maslow: make up for deficits in enviroment
289
Q

hatred as a trait?

Cattell
Eysenck
Murray

A
  • Cattell: hatred can be a factor
  • Eysenck: psychoticism
  • Murray: hate as vengefulness
290
Q

cog approaches to hate

  • Kelly cog simplicity
  • rules of reality
A
  • Kelly: if we see others as similar to us we don’t experience hate
  • rules of reality = individual frameworks of interacting world -> interpretation of what to hate
291
Q

hate as learned behaviour

A
  1. conditioning
  2. modelling
  3. observing
  4. conditioned response response where mom is stimulus
292
Q

psych approach to love

A
  • libido
  • object of love - mother
293
Q

neo-analytic approach to love

Erikson
Shaver

A

-E: love as healthy normal dev (intimacy vs isolation)

  • S: romantic attachment styles
    *secure
  • anxious-ambivalent
    *avoidant
294
Q

cog approach to love

A

interpreting drives, motivations etc

  • liking
  • respecting
  • loving
  • passion
295
Q

humanistic approach to love

*Maslow

A
  • need to love ourselves before loving someone else
  • Maslow:
    D need = love and belonging

B need= self-actualised love

296
Q

Fromm theory on love

A
  1. motherly love (one-sided)
  2. brotherly love ( humankind)
  3. erotic love
  4. self-love

mature -> responsibility
immature -> taking rather than giving

297
Q

Rollo May on love

A
  1. sex -> lust
  2. eros -> procreative
  3. philia -> brotherly
  4. agape -> devotion to welfare of others
  5. authentic love of others
298
Q

cathexis

A

concentrating psychic energy on a specific object

299
Q

Bandura reciprocal theory

A

3 factor influence on each other

  1. social
  2. environment
  3. personal factors
300
Q

George Kelly rep test

A

reveal personal constructs -> identify mental frameworks

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