Personality Psych Flashcards
1
Q
the Self
A
part of brain that makes us who we are, smaller than personality
2
Q
personality psych definiton
A
scientific study of psych sources that make people uniquely themselves
3
Q
what can change personality
A
- traumatic events
- head trauma
4
Q
what does personality consist of
A
- traits
- behaviours
- thoughts
- past experiences
- motivations
5
Q
personality definition
A
set of stable + interrelated psych characteristics and mechanisms in person that influence their interaction with environment and adaptation to physical, social and intrapsychic environment
6
Q
intrapsychic environment definition
A
internal characteristics
- gender
- worldview etc
7
Q
personality both congenital and acquired
A
temperament is congenital
personality made by experiences
8
Q
8 aspects of personality
A
- unconscious aspect
- ego forces
- biological being
- aspects shaped by culture + time
- cognitive dimension
- skills + predispositions
- spiritual dimension
- interaction between person and specific environment
9
Q
logic / deductive approach
A
theory -> collecting info to support theory
10
Q
inductive approach
A
- collecting data and drawing conclusions,
- qualitative
11
Q
Gordon Allport
A
- uniqueness and dignity of individual
12
Q
nomothetic approach
A
generalise people from objective knowledge
13
Q
idiographic approach
A
recognising uniqueness from subjective knowledge
14
Q
Barnum Effect
A
vague generalisations such as star signs
15
Q
8 perspectives of personality
A
- unconscious aspects
- ego forces
- biological being
- environmental influence
- cog dimension
- collection of traits, skills, predispositions
- spiritual dimension
- specific environment-person interaction
16
Q
reliability definiton
A
error variance / precision
17
Q
internal consistency reliability
A
halves of tests should be correlated
18
Q
test-retest reliability
A
same test different occasions
19
Q
patterns (Allport)
A
basic underlying mechanisms that remain stable
20
Q
construct validity definition
A
how well the test measures the concept it intends to measure
21
Q
convergent validity
A
subtype of construct validity
tests whether construts that should be related are related
e.g.: new intelligence test correlates highly with pre-established intelligence tests
22
Q
discriminant validity
A
different constructs are distinct and not highly correlated with other constructs
job satisfaction shouldn’t directly correlate to job performance
23
Q
acquiescence response set (Bias)
A
people rather agree than disagree
24
Q
response set (bias)
A
a trait that isn’t being measured leads to the responses is being measured
e.g. people choosing neutral ratings
25
Galton's experience sampling method of assessment
record current activity or thought process
26
3 types of correlational research
1. naturalistic observation
2. archival
3. survey method
27
experiment defintion
careful manipulation of IV to see effects
28
diff between quasi and true experiment
quasi does not do random assortment of participants
29
what did Breur study
free associations/ dreams -> influenced freud
30
Charcot what did he study
hysteria in women -> influence on Freud
31
Freud's unconsciousness
threatening thoughts + urges put there which are turned into non-threatening symbols of dreams
32
manifest content definition
what dreams are literally about
33
latent content definiton
what the literal dreams actually mean
34
principle that guides ego
reality principle
35
principle that guides id
pleasure principle -> satisfy pleasure and reduce pain
36
Freud's mind categories in modern neurobiology
1. id: primal -> brainstem
2. ego: emo + motivations -> limbic system
3. superego: higher intelligence -> neocortex
37
hydraulic displacement model
emo energy needs to be released but we can choose context (redirect E)
38
neoanalytic psychology
ego is the core of personality
- arises from interactions/ conflict with others
- more social less bio
39
archetype definition
cumulative experience of ancestors make up personality
40
Jung's psyche categories
1. concsious ego -> sense of self
2. personal unconscious -> thoughts accessible but not relevant in the moment
3. collective unconscious -> archetypes, predispositions etc
41
Jung's animus/anima
animus = male element of woman
anima = female element of man
42
Jung's libido
emotionally charged feelings/thoughts related to particular theme
43
Jung's word association test
find theme of associations in words to then work on if weird
-more scientific than Freud
44
Jung's functions of mind
1. thinking (rational)
2. sensing (rational)
3. feeling (irrational)
4. intuition (irrational)
45
Alfred Adler Neoanalytic appraoch
individual psychology
- finding perceived niche in society
- individualised motivations
46
Adler's complexes
1. inferiority
2. superiority
3. organ inferiority
47
Adler's drives
1. aggression drive -> to perceived helplessness
2. masculine drive -> for autonomy
3. perfection striving -> of fictional goals for self-improvement
48
Adler's social issues
1. occupational task
2. societal tasks
3. love tasks
49
adler's typology
1. ruling dominant = low social interst, high activity
2. getting-learning = low social interest, low activity
3. avoiding = v low social interest, low activity
4. socially useful = high social interest, high activity
50
Horney's theory of children
basic anxiety = being alone and helpless
passive style -> compliance
aggressive style -> fighting
avoidant style -> don't engage emotionally
51
Horney's theory of self
1. real self -> core of personality, potential for self-realisation
2. despised self -> from other's negative evaluations
3. ideal self -> what we should be
52
horney: what makes a neurotic person
alienation from real self
53
diff between Horney and Freud
1. id,ego,superego
2. importance of unconsious
3. shaping personality in childhood
4. dynamics of anxiety and defense mechanism
54
Horney neurotic coping strats
1. moving towards -> looking for approval schema
2. moving against -> over ID with ideal self -> entitlement schema
3. moving away -> shame schema
55
Anna Freud
psychoanalysis applied to kids
id,ego, superego but environment emphasised
56
Heinz Hartmann
id and ego work in compensatory mechanisms
ego as self-preservation (not pleasure-seeking)
57
Object Relations Theories Self
socially constructed as a function of specific interpersonal interactions
- kids learns about self through interaction with significant people
58
Margaret Mahler and kids
1. symbiotic psychotic child = overly dependent + protected by mother so there is no way they can for sense of self
2. normal symbiotic child = healthy ties with other, allowing to form sense of self + autonomy
59
Otto Kernberg
- relations with others matter most in personality development
- Kernberg’s I = integrated self
60
Melanie Klein
1. play therapy
2. love-hate paradigm = towards sig objects (mothers)
- kids seek mother for dependence but also have a drive towards being independent
61
Heinz Kohut
father of dynamic therapy
strongest fear -> loss of loved object
idealising transference = therapist as alternative paternal love object
62
Mark Snyder's Self monitoring
people adjust behaviour to fit social situations
self-presentation -> doing what is socially expected
63
psyschology - functionalists
what purpose emotions and behaviours have
64
personal projects definiton
motivations
65
personal strivings
more general motivators
66
Cantor's life tasks definitions
age-determined issues people are currently concentrating on
67
neo-analytics on therapy
1. early fears
2. faulty patterns to be discussed
3. poor early relations, complexes etc
68
evolutionary personality theory
primary function of personality is survival
69
Genes and Personality
1. Angelmann syndrome -> good humour + cheerful
2. Williams -> social + friendly
70
behavioural genomics
how individual differences (genes) affect behaviour
71
quantitative genetics definition
nature or nurture? compare twins separated at birth
72
molecular genetics definition
correlates of specific gene
73
temperament definition
stable, individual differences in emotional reactivity
74
4 aspects of temperament
1. activity
2. emotional
3. sociability
4. aggressiveness/impulsivity
75
FCZ-KT - what is it
temperament questionnaire, revised version
76
FCZ-KT temperament scales
1. alertness
2. perserverance
3. sensory sensitivity
4. endurance
5. emotional reactivity
6. activity
7. rhythmicity = biological functions, sleep etc
77
Eysenck’s Model of Nervous System Temperament -> Extroverts
- low level of brain arousal
- seeking stimulus
- well modulated nervous system
78
Eysenck’s Model of Nervous System Temperament -> introverts
- high level of CNS arousal
- shying away from stimulus
- highly reactive nervous system
79
problems with Eysenck's model
- hard to measure
- body tries to be in equilibrium so v hard to see differences
80
Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory
observation and learning are key to survival (reward,, danger, punishment)
BIS and BAS
81
Gray's behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
- orienting and punishing responses
- anxiety, alert worrying
- avoidance pattern to avoid punishment + discomfort
82
Gray's behavioural activation system (BAS)
- rewards
- impulsiveness, seeking rewards
- looking for gratification
83
Correlation of sensation seeking and addiction?
1. low level of natural activation -> seeking external arousal
2. high serotonin levels -> impulsivity
3. dopamine regulation
4. hemispheric activities -> right side overreaction to negative
84
do peers and parents shape personality?
- more observable when older
- bio predispositions influence diff depending on environment
85
diff hereditary psych issues
- schizophrenia
- bipolar
- depression
86
poisoning on personality
1. lead -> anitsocial behaviour in kids
2. manganese -> compulsiveness
3. mercury
87
Cloninger’s Neurotransmitter Theory
low levels dopamine = sensation seeking
no researhc to back this yet
88
tropism defintion
- tendency to seek out specific types of environment
- temperamental differences that rise from genetics
89
Kretschmer’s somatotypes
1. endomorph = good natured
2. mesomorph = prone to be athletes
3. ectomorph (skinny) = bookworm
90
reactions of others on personality
1. halo effect
2. social expectations
91
sociobiology definition + examples
social behaviour evolution
human courtship -> mating
92
cinderella effect: real or fake?
when stepparents care more about own kids
NOT scientifically proven
93
bio aspects of personality implications on psych therpy
1. bio interventions
2. gene therapies
3. plastic surgery
4. hormones
94
social darwinism
cultures also compete (survival of fittest -> superior race)
95
eugenics definition
sterilization of the poor and unwanted
96
generlisation + discrimination definiton for conditioning
generalisation = having same conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to conditioned stimulus
discrimination = learn to tell dif between stimulus to only react to conditioned stim
97
behaviourism defintion
learned, observed, conditioned
98
systematic desensitisation (Watson)
stop phobia by dissociating stimulus from fear response (instead combining it with pleasurable stimulus)
99
Watson's 3 main ideas
1. environment key to understanding personality
2. altering undesired behaviour rather than figuring out what caused it
3. personality as function of environment
100
E- Thorndike Law of Effect
if something good happens after behaviour you're more likely to do it again
101
operant conditioning - shaping definition
getting desired behaviour
102
radical deterministic theory defintion
there is no free will because emotions + thoughts all caused by environment
every behaviour you do is guided by operant conditioning
103
most effective reinforcement?
partial reinforcement -> never knowing if behaviour will be rewarded (gambling)
104
Skinner's ideas:
Walden II -> behaviourism as tool for society
token economy -> rewards for desired behaviour
105
Skinner believed psychopathology (maladaptive personality) came from 3 things
1. wrong response
2. deficit
3. right response never learned
106
Behaviourists Reinterpretation of Neo-Analytics
id
ego
superego
defence mechanism
archetype
- id → innate susceptibility to reinforcement
- ego → learned responses to practical contingencies of everyday life
- superego → behaviour from punitive practices of soceity
- also can be learned by observation or talk
- defence mechanism → avoid conditioned aversive stimulation
- archetypes → certain universal characteristics
107
Clark Hull
habits
primary drive
hab it = simple association between stim and response
primary drive = fundamental innate motivator of behaviour
*hunger, pain, sex
108
social learning theory
situation -> primary rxn -> secondary rxn (acquired) -> motivation for new behaviour
109
habit hierarchy defintion
which response is more important to us
* behave in way most rewarding to us (individual differences)
extroverts find social interaction highly rewarding so will make it a habit to go to spritzer standl
110
Harlow rhesus monke study
attachment higher in hierarchy than food
111
behaviourist reinterpretation of Freud
psychosexual stages as criticial dev stages -> more vulnerable to learn secondary behaviours
parents (environmental) rxn cause dev issues
112
approach avoidance conflict definition
when primary drives (sex) in opposition to conditioned response (punishment)
113
Miller's frustration aggression hypthesis
aggression a result of blocking or frustrating someone from reaching goal
114
behaviourism (spears) on child rearing
personality as potential for action
- don't punish kids for dependency
- motivations, expectations + habits
115
reinforcement sensitivity theory
diff people react better to diff reinforcements
116
act frequency approach definition
assess personality through observing frequency of observable actions
117
perception- gestalt psychology
- see environment -> seek meaning -> org sensations
individual differences bc our perceptions differ
118
Kurt Lewin on personality
personality influenced by:
1. internal psychological structure
2. forces of external environment
3. relationship between them
119
life space definition
internal and external forces acting upon an individual
120
Lewin - contemporaneous causation
thoughts based on our momentary conditions
121
field dependent vs field independent people meaning
dependent: rely on external clues and context when processing info -> extroverts + collaborators
independent: internal reference + analytical thinking for processing info
122
rod and frame test
how people solve problems (independent or dependent field)
123
cognitive complexity definiton i
comprehend, utilise + being comfortable with no. of distinct elements in which event is analysed
124
learning style defintion
preferred appraoch to learning (auditory, visual, independent etc)
part of personality -> correlates w tests
125
Piaget's schema theory + script
- cog structures organising expectations
script = known scenarios of the event (guides behaviours)
we learn on our own -> personality is a series of scripts
126
situated social cognition
intepretation of event shaped by the situation it happens in
127
3 ADHD types
1. hyperactive -> too little/mcuh attention
2. inattentive ->
3, combined
128
rejection sensitivity
hypersensitivity to cues of rejection leading to actual rejection
128
role construct repertory test
see individual constructs
view of characteristics of what people find most important in life
129
Kelly - personal construct theory
we actively try to understand world -> constructivism
individual bc influenced by past experiences
personality is NOT set of traits but personal experience collected
130
emotional intelligence (Goleman) definition
self awarness, emotional regulation + empathy
131
Gardner's theory of intelligences
intelligence = way of knowing about the world
8 diff intelligences
132
explanatory style defintion
how we explain cause of events
optimistic: temporary, specific to situation, not your fault
pessimistic: always there, non-specific, you're at fault
133
Bandura's domain specific self-efficacy
belief of own self-efficacy in diff tasks
134
what impacts self-efficacy
1. previous experiences
2. verbal persuasion -> encouragement
3. do ability (of others) -> if they can do it so can we
135
Weiner on explaining success of failure (attribution theory)
1. locus of control (internal or external cause)
2. controllability
3. stability -> if cause stable it means unchangeable
*I failed because I suck at maths
136
achievement oriented behaviours definition
expectancy of success
137
pattern of goal making -> Carol Dweck
1. helpless -> fixed mindset of nothing can be done to change
*failure due to inherent traits
2. mastery oriented
138
learned helplessness defintion
depressive schema -> unavoidable punishment so don't even try to escape
139
how to cure learned helplessness
1. CBT
2. learned optimism
3. personality as cognitive skill
140
Rotter - locus of control approach (behaviour potential)
before action carried out consider
1. reinforcement value -> do I care?
2. outcome expectancy -> will I cope?
141
different types of secondary reinforcements
1. recognition
2. dominance
3. independence
4. protection-dependency
5. love and affection
6. physical comfort (avoid pain)
142
Behavior potential definition
likelihood someone will engage in behavior in specific situation based on outcome expectancy + reinforcement value
143
Bandura's social cognitive learning theory steps
. reinforcements -> internalisation -> changed knowledge and expectations -> changed behaviour
144
social cog learning theory -> self system defintion
cog processes: perceiving, eval, regulation of behaviours for appropriateness
145
vicarious learning definition
observational learning through modelling
146
bandura processes
1. attention
2. retention
3. motor reproduction (rehearsing)
4. motivation
147
difference between rotter (locus of control) and Bandura (self-efficacy)
Rotter: belief between certain behaviour on outcome
Bandura: belief of own ability for successful behaviour
148
trait approach to personality defintion
basic, limited set of adjective dimensions to describe + scale individs
149
humoral trait approach (Hippocrates)
1. melancholic -> depressed
2. sanguine -> warm
3. choleric -> fiery + passionate
4. phlegmatic -> slow + rational
150
Myers-Briggs indicator -> scales
1. extroversion/introversion
2. sensing/intuiting
3. judging/perceiving
4. thinking/feeling
151
Allport's defintion of traits
neuropsychic core tendencies that underlies behaviour across time
factor analysing = grouping data of descriptions
152
r Pearson defintion
*who invented it?
Cattell
correlation coefficient
153
who had the 16 personality factor questionnaire?
RB Cattell
154
Allport on prejudice as personality trait
developed by environment (culture)
155
Allport's functional equivalence
same action can have diff meanings or purposes
156
Allport on common traits
- we all share them bc basic dimensions (clean, pleasant, feminine, masculine)
- functionally autonomous (once motivation set up it can be done for diff reasons)
- proprium = core of personality, has bio counterpart
157
Allport's nuclear quality
personal disposition in terms of unique goals, motives etc
158
Allport's personal dispositions
trait peculiar to individual
159
Allport's cardinal disposition
exerts overwhelming influence on behaviour
160
Allport's central disposition
stable traits that define who you are
161
Big 5
*inventors?
Costa + McCrae
1. extroversion/introversion
2. agreeableness
3. openness
4. neuroticism
5. conscientiousness
162
impliciti personality theory
bias of wrongly assuming certain traits go together
163
are big 5 stable over time?
no they change over time and with environment
164
Eysenck's big 3
1. extroversion -> sensitivity of signals of rewards
2. neuroticism -> sensitivity to signals of punishment
3. psychoticism ->hostile + cynical
165
types in health pysch
1. Type A = workaholic + aggressive
2. Type B = easygoing
3. Type C = cautious + hard-working
4. Type D = distressed
166
motives definition
internal psychobiological forces driving behaviours
167
Henry Murray's needs
1. nAch
2. nExh
3. nAff
4. nPow
168
Murray's TAT test
analysing pics to see internal motivations
169
psych traits implication on therapy
we can change our motivations + goals NOT our natures
170
existentialism defintion
world wouldn't exist if humans weren't here to see it
171
positivism defintion
there are laws that govern behaviour of objects in world -> behaviourist
172
Heidegger's "being-in-the-world"
self can't exist without world and world can't exist without a being perceiving it
173
Satre + Camus on morality
- taking responsibility
- torture of our own perception
174
phenomenology definition
people's subjective realities considered valid data for investigation
175
humanism / humanistic approach
personal worth + importance of human values
176
Buber's two approaches
1. I-Thou = everyone is unique value
2. I-It = utilitarian using others
177
CSIKSZENTMIHALYI
- flow
- dialectical tension -> creative people have traits that seemingly contradict creativity
178
Erich Fromm - humanism
1. love is art
2. transcend society to love and create
3. freedom is work
179
dialectical humanisim -> Fromm
2 sides of humanity:
- socially pressured
- biologically driven
* people CAN rise above
180
Carl Rogers - Humanism
1. maturing is not inevitable -> needs will
2. personal responsibility + supportive environment
3. fulfilling one's potential
4. natural goodness of human
181
Roger's view on people
experiencing persons
*broad self-concept
* internal control
*understanding feelings / experiences
182
Rogerian therapy
- unconditional acceptance
- client-oriented
- non-directive
- person as process -> fulfilling potentials not changing traits
183
becoming ones self
1. trust your experiences
2. accept existential anxiety
3. expectations of others
184
Rollo May - humanism
core experiences of human freedom are -> anxiety, dread powerlessness
anxiety triggered by threat to core values of existence
185
Maslow's peak experiences
transcending self - being at one with the world
*flow
186
James and Pearle on peak experiences
Gestalt -> truth illuminating spiritual happenings
187
Maslow's true self-actualisation happens when
realistic knowledge about selves + accepting it
188
organismic approach to humanism
natural push that comes from inside living organism -> natural tendency for self-actualisation
189
Maslow's D and B needs
D needs
1. physiological needs
2. safety
3. belonging
4. esteem
B need
1. self-actualisation
190
Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) - What does it measure
self-actualisation
191
Rollo May - what makes us happy
using talents to strive for important accomplishments
192
Myers American paradox
the more material abundance the more societal regression + depression
193
Myers steps of pursuit of happiness
1. help others
2. monitor own wealth-seeking
3. avoid television
4. keep gratefulness journal
5. seek spiritual experiences
6. set long-term goals
7. accept that change happens slowly
194
humanism implications on therapy
1. retreats
2. self-knowledge through experiences
3. unconditioned positive regard
4. communal trust
195
is personality x situation a new approach?
NO!
- neoanalytics
- behaviourism
- trait theory
196
Sullivan definition of personality
enduring pattern of current interpersonal situations that characterises person's life -> NO traits
197
Sullivan's chumship definition
- social self
- preadolescent chums as social mirror for forming identity
198
Sullivan individual behaviour
come from being rejected or socially accepted
199
Mead social self definition
who we are = interactions + identity in social world
200
INTERPERSONAL THEORY OF PSYCHIATRY
1. essence of personality
2. family and society
3. patterns of human relationships
201
difference between Sullivan and neo-Freudians
Sullivan: personality changes all the time as function of relations
neo-Freud: personality fixed in early childhood
202
illusion of individuality
you have as many personalities as interpersonal situations
social impact on yourself -> no point locking away psychiatric patients
203
Murray's personology defintioin
unconscious motivations + environmental pressures (Lewin) + trait concept
204
McAdams narrative approach
studying motivations through autobiography
1. intimacy motive
2. internal inclinations -> natural tendencies
205
Walter Mischel on personality
personality NOT valuable concept
- behaviour can't be predicted
206
Mischel delay of gratification
individual strategies from experiences
1. competencies
2. encoding
3. expectancies
4. plans
207
behavioural signatures
unique patterns of behaviour in specific situations that lead to apparent consistency of individuals personality
208
Mischel on predicting behaviour
testing similar situations -> comprehensive atlas of situations
209
Epstein's aggregation
averaging behaviour across situations (over time) to improve reliability of behaviour assessment
210
seeking + creating situations for personality
- reinforcing self-concept
- unique perception of an event
- confirmatory vs noncomfirmatory feedback
211
personality over time?
1. shaped through our life
2. changes over time
212
personality traits as protective factor in life?
YES ->
1.conscientiousness
2. readiness (past xp)
213
what makes us more prone to depression later in life?
experiencing loss in a critical period
214
circumplex model defintion
circular way to organise relationships of traits
215
ego development
factor that decides how to behave in situation
*rxn depends on maturity
*all factors of situation itself
216
Avshalom life-course approach
patterns of behaviour change as function of :
1. age
2. culture
3. life events
4. abilities
5. social groups
217
things women do better
1. talk earlier
2. more verbally advanced
3. higher grades
4. better nonverbal communication
218
things men do better
1. spatial abilities
2. geography + politics
3. verbally + physical aggressive
219
Friedman + Martin gender difference study on longevity
feminine men + women lived longer
220
hormone effects on gender
1. more androgen females -> rougher, more aggressive, higher activity level
2. turner syndrome (no androgens in males) -> timid, weaker spatial + math abilities
3.androgenised females
221
historical bs on hormones and puberty
1. wandering womb causes hysteria
2. hysterectomies (removing womb) to combat this
222
neo-analytic approach to gender difference
Eriskon: physical construction of genitals
Horney: bearing children envy
Jung: animus + anima
Chodorow: object (mother) influences boy/girl personality
223
bio approach to gender diff
1. diff sexual mating strats
2. no. of sexual interactions
3. reproductive opportunities for women
4. women instinct is to want to get pregnant
224
is maternal instinct real?
bio: more prolactin
evolutionary: sentiment doesn't make sense
there is a strong learning component
225
behaviourism on maternal instinct -> social learning
- reinforcement, modelling etc
- parent as socialiser for sex-typed traits
- peers, teachers, media
226
cog approach to gender difference -> gender schema theory
gender schema = appropriate behaviours + situations for males/females
- influence on informational processing
- influence on self-esteem (what is correct behaviour for me)
227
Bem Sex Role Inventory
trait approach
androgynous most functional in most situations
228
achievement differences among males and females?
males higher achievement drives bc
- testosterone
- societal expectations
229
humanistic approach to gender diff
- transcended people beyond gender diff
- more educational opportunities will lower differences
230
interactionist approach to gender diff
- putting girls in more nurture-demanding situations
- immediate social situations
- diff motivations rather than abilities
- non-verbal communication
231
Eagly social roles theory
roles people have in society shape behaviour
*in-group comparison leads to ignoring unfair gender diff
232
psychosomatic medicien
the mind effects the body
233
personality has 2 impacts on health
1. unhealthy habits (smoking)
2. physiological abnormalities (stress)
234
health behaviour definition
personality affects the way we out ourselves in more or less healthy situations
235
2 problems with emo reg that leads to bad health behaviour
1. aggresiveness, alienation
2. seeking tranquilisers or stimulants
236
stress makes you fat through
- prolonged activation of HPA
- eating more to cope
237
Farley Type T theory
thrill seeking personalities have internal deficit of arousal
238
sick role definition
society's expectation of how one should act if they aren't healthy
239
somatopsychic effect
illness affects personality and how we react to environment
*asthma
*dementia
*diabetes
240
diathesis stress model
mental disorders develop due to genetic vulnerability AND environmental stressors
241
BERNARD LOWN – CARDIAC DEATH
emotiona stress from triggering event can play major role in cardiac death
242
Type A most susceptible to what illness
cardiac / coronary heard disease
- excessive arousal due to excessive competition and hostility
243
Type D susceptible to
learned helplessness
*chronic pain
*asthma
244
Terman - Stanford Binet test on longevity of kids
death factors
1. cheerfulness ( extroverted -> smoking)
2. family stress -> death or divorce
245
self-healing personality
1. commitment to something meaningful
2. feeling control
3. excitement and energy to life
4. trust not gullible
246
Humanistic health personality
- growth-oriented
- philosophical jokes not your mom jokes
- concerned with harmony and ethics
247
Broaden and Build Model
experiencing positive emotions broadens peoples modes of thinking and responding
248
post-traumatic growth
- self-disclosure and social support help change narrative dev
249
Antonovsky sense of coherence
person’s confidence that world is understandable, manageable and meaningful
250
types of coherence
1. comprehensibility → cog component
2. manageability → behaviour component
3. meaningfulness → motivational component
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salutogenesis meaning
you care about not getting sick ->
control in the grand scheme of things
252
what constitutes ethnic identity
1. peers + family
2. societal institutions (religion, edu system, gvt, nationality)
3. cultural effects = shared customs + behaviours
4. history of ethnic group
5. class
253
ethnocentrism defintion
believing our culture is universal
254
Margaret Mead - differences of cultures
- samoans don't have difficulties of adolescence
- effects of hormonal change vary as function of societal response
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individualistic societies on school performance
- competitive
- fulfilling one's potential
256
collectivistic societies on school performance
- collaboration
- empathy, warmth, respect
257
emic approach definition
insider perspective
258
etic approach definition
outsider perspective
259
ethnic group definition
group with shared cultural customs BUT overgeneralisation
260
religion impact on personality
1. religious expectations (can be contradictory to cultural)
2. self-reg, social integration, health
3. protestant work ethic
4. spirituality (humanistic approach)
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socioeconomic influence on personality
- high SES -> less likely to get sick and die prematurely
262
Karl Marx and his ideas
1. private properity encourages selfishness + dehumanisation
2. capitalism -> alienation + selfishness
3. worker's paradise is psychological fulfillment
263
language on personality
- self-expression
- group identity
- field independent personality -> active verbs
264
idiolect definition
unique version of one's native lang
265
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity
the language we speak influences the way we think + perceive
266
culture free test
tests that don't favour one culture
267
culture fair test
tests that minimise influence of culture, edu etc on score
268
System of Multicultural Pluralistic Assessment (SOMPA) what is it
assess kid abilities in culturally fair way (within group comparison instead of to other culture)
269
stereotype threat definition
other's judgement will negatively stereotype individual
270
Ludwig Wittgenstein on language
if we don't have a word for something it doesn't exist
271
Freud on culture
society tries to develop ways to control id
272
Klein on culture
diff child-rearing practices + attachments in diff cultures
273
Darwin on culture
evolution shapes genetic tendencies -> culture appears
274
BK Skinner on culture
culture as set of reinforcements at certain geo location or shared environment
275
Bandura on culture
processing info among group makes people share unique understanding of how world works
276
Allport on culture
behaviours particular to every culture but at same time individual
277
Rogers on culture
culture as striving for enduring meaning and value in life
278
Murray on culture
culture as collection of common situations
- can't ignore particular individual in particular situation
279
etiological explanations definition
understanding human behaviour based off of animal behaviour
*aggression as product of evolution
280
Lorenz process
organised sports as funnel of pent up aggression
281
brain disorder on love/hate
- lesions in brain (hypothalamus/amygdala -> temporal) effects personality located in frontal lobe
282
what do lesions in brain do for behaviour
-aggression outburst
283
what does drug induced brain disorders do for behaviour
- impulsivity
- outbursts
(serotonin + dopamine in reward system effected )
284
gene-environment interaction on aggression
- both impact aggression levels
*genes -> temperament
* env -> neglect + abuse
285
psychoanalytic on hate
- thanatos drive = self-destructive counterforce to libido
- defence mechanisms
- antisocial personality disorder
286
neo-analytic on hate
- shadow
- dictator type
- Adler's inferiority complexes
- Adler's ruling type
- Horney aggressive personality
287
Erich Fromm on hate
- authoritarian personality from bad parenting
- strong id, weak ego, v strong superego leads to projecting sexual urges on to others
- f-scale (fascism)
288
humanistic on how to avoid hate
Rogers
Maslow
- Rogers:unconditional positive regard from parents
- Maslow: make up for deficits in enviroment
289
hatred as a trait?
Cattell
Eysenck
Murray
- Cattell: hatred can be a factor
- Eysenck: psychoticism
- Murray: hate as vengefulness
290
cog approaches to hate
* Kelly cog simplicity
* rules of reality
- Kelly: if we see others as similar to us we don't experience hate
- rules of reality = individual frameworks of interacting world -> interpretation of what to hate
291
hate as learned behaviour
1. conditioning
2. modelling
3. observing
4. conditioned response response where mom is stimulus
292
psych approach to love
- libido
- object of love - mother
293
neo-analytic approach to love
Erikson
Shaver
-E: love as healthy normal dev (intimacy vs isolation)
- S: romantic attachment styles
*secure
* anxious-ambivalent
*avoidant
294
cog approach to love
interpreting drives, motivations etc
- liking
- respecting
- loving
- passion
295
humanistic approach to love
*Maslow
- need to love ourselves before loving someone else
- Maslow:
D need = love and belonging
B need= self-actualised love
296
Fromm theory on love
1. motherly love (one-sided)
2. brotherly love ( humankind)
3. erotic love
4. self-love
mature -> responsibility
immature -> taking rather than giving
297
Rollo May on love
1. sex -> lust
2. eros -> procreative
3. philia -> brotherly
4. agape -> devotion to welfare of others
5. authentic love of others
298
cathexis
concentrating psychic energy on a specific object
299
Bandura reciprocal theory
3 factor influence on each other
1. social
2. environment
3. personal factors
300
George Kelly rep test
reveal personal constructs -> identify mental frameworks
301
