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3 + 4+ 5 semester > Clinical Psych > Flashcards

Clinical Psych Flashcards

1
Q

5 priorities of clinical psych

A
  1. reduce suffering + improve mental health
  2. engage with latest research to advance clinical
  3. evidence based treatment + interventions
  4. community + public health
  5. policy + systems change
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2
Q

3 earliest clinical psychs

A
  1. Wilhelm Wundt
  2. Freud
  3. Carl Rogers
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3
Q

education needed to become clinical psych

A
  1. 10+ yrs academic study + practical experience
  2. pHD
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4
Q

triangulation in clinical psychology

A
  1. clinical interview
  2. psych assessment
  3. patient case history
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5
Q

types of issues clinical psychs treat

A
  1. behavioural
  2. interpersonal-social
  3. adjustment issues
  4. emo + psych difficulties - >death + illness
  5. intellect, cog, neurological disorders
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6
Q

3 levels clinical psychs work with

A
  1. individual
  2. couples
  3. family
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7
Q

clinical assessment definition

A

structured collecting, analysing + interpreting data of psychological state + functioning to get understanding of individual’s mental health

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8
Q

purpose of psych evals

A
  1. informed decision making
  2. choose appropriate interventions
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9
Q

methods used for clinical assessments

A
  1. standardised psych tests
  2. structured + unstructured interviews
  3. observational techniques
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10
Q

what do behavioural observations show us

A
  • behavioural patterns
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11
Q

what do interviews show us

A

qualitative

  • individual history
  • symptoms
  • experience
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12
Q

clinical diagnosis definition

A

mental health professionals identify and classify mental disorders based on
*observable symptoms
*history
*standardised criteria

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13
Q

pros and cons of diagnostic criteria (DSM-5)

A

pro:
- structured approach
- research driven treatment

cons:
- rigid categorisation (overlooking individual variation)
- ignores diff human experiences

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14
Q

assessment vs diagnosis

A

A:
- understanding of psych makeup
- enhance therapeutic strats thru detailed insight
- personalised treatment plans

D:
- classify and label mental disorders
- assign mental health label
- alignment of treatment strats w identified disorder

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15
Q

mental disorder definition

A

combo of abnormal thoughts, emotions, behaviours + relationships

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16
Q

mood disorder definition + examples

A

extreme changes in mood that impact daily functioning

*major depressive disorder
*bipolar disorder

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17
Q

major depressive disorder: core symptoms + additional

A

core:
- depressed mood
- loss of interest in most activities

additional:
- weight change
- low energy
- recurrent thoughts of death + suicide

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18
Q

bipolar disorder Type 1 : core + additional symtpoms:

A
  • manic episode = elevated mood lasting 1 week
    *increased self-esteem + distractibility + impulsive behaviour
    *decreased ned for sleep
  • depressive episode
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19
Q

CBT for depression

A
  • address negative self-beliefs
  • encourage behavioural activation
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20
Q

CBT for Bipolar

A
  • manage depressive symptoms
  • manage mood stability
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21
Q

interpersonal therapy for depression

A
  • address grief
  • role transition
  • social conflicts
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22
Q

interpersonal therapy for Bipolar

A
  • manage relationship challenges
  • improve social support
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23
Q

anxiety disorders definition

A

excessive fear, worry

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24
Q

OCD symptoms

A
  • obsessions: unwanted thoughts or images that cause distress
  • compulsions; repetitive behaviours driven by urge to reduce anxiety
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25
Q

diagnostic criteria for OCD

A
  • obsession are time consuming (more than 1 hr) or cause sig distress
  • symptoms not due to substance use or other condition
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26
Q

PTSD symptoms (DSM criteria)

A
  • after exposure to actual or threatened death, injury or sexual violence
  • intrusive symptoms
  • avoidance
  • negative changes in mood and cognition
  • arousal and reactivity

more than 1 month

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27
Q

CBT for anxiety

A

change unhelpful thoughts + behaviours

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28
Q

exposure + response prevention

A
  • expose patients to obsessional triggers while preventing compulsion
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29
Q

medication for OCD + PSD

A
  1. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
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30
Q

crisis planning definition

A
  • ID triggers + warning signs of relapse
  • create action plan for high-stress period
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31
Q

relapse prevention definition

A
  • dev coping skills + regular check-ins to maintain treatment gains
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32
Q

eye movement desensitisation + reprocessing on anxiety

A
  • process traumatic memories thorugh guided eye movements

*patients recall distressing experiences while following guided eye movements to reduce emotional intensity

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33
Q

does eye movement work for PTSD?

A
  • yes there is decreased trauma symptoms
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34
Q

psychotic disorders definition + examples

A
  • distorted thinking, percpetions and loss of touch with reality

*schizophrenia
*delusional disorder
*schizoaffective disorder

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35
Q

key symptoms of psychotic disorders

A
  • delusions = fixed false beliefs
  • hallucinations
  • disorganised thinking
  • disorganised or abnormal motor behaviour
  • negative symptoms
36
Q

schizo duration + ipairsment

A
  • 6months +
  • impairment of work, relationships, self-care
37
Q

steps of diagnosing schizo

A
  1. clinical interview
  2. mental status exam
  3. rule out other conditions
  4. functional assessment
38
Q

CBT on schizo

A
  • iD delusional beliefs + maladaptive thoughts
  • challenge these thoughts
39
Q

other treatments for schizo

A
  • family therapy
  • psycheducation
  • social skills training
40
Q

relapse prevention on schizp

A
  • recog early warning signs
  • establish cooping strats
  • dev support network
  • promote consistent check-ins
41
Q

personality disorder definition

A

eduring patterns of behaviour, cog and inner experience that deviate from cultural expectations

42
Q

3 clusters of personality disorders

A
  1. Cluster A = odd or eccentric
  2. Cluster B = dramatic or erratic
  3. Cluster C = anxious or fearful
43
Q

narcissistic personality disorder
core symptoms + specific symptoms

A

core: grandiosity, need for admiration + lack of empathy

specific:
- exaggerated sense of self-importance
- sense of entitlement
- interpersonal exploitation
- envy of others or belief that others envy them
- arrogant

44
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder
core features + specific symptoms

A

core: instability in relationships, self-image+ emotions (impulsivitiy)

specific symptoms:
- fear of abandonment
- distorted self-image
- emotioanl instability
- suicidal behaviour or self-harm
- stress-related paranoia

45
Q

diagnostic steps for personality disorders

A
  1. clinical interview to assess long-term patterns
  2. self-report questionnaire
    *personality assessment inventory (PAI) + millon clinical inventory (MCMI)
  3. observation of behaviour
  4. functional impairment
46
Q

common factors of bipolar and antisocial

A
  1. irritability
  2. impulsivity
  3. dangerous behaviour
  4. suicidal
47
Q

narcissistic personality disorder treatments

A
  1. psychodynamics therapy
  2. CBT -> modify dysfunctional beliefs about self-importance
48
Q

goals to treat narcissism

A
  1. icrease empathy + interpersonal skills
  2. challenge grandiosity
  3. dev healthier sense of self-worth
49
Q

treatment of borderline personality

A

CBT: restructure maladaptive thoughts

  • mindfulness to imrpove awareness of thoughts
  • emo reg
  • interpersonal effectiveness
  • distress tolerance
50
Q

psychodynamic therapy for borderline

A
  • explore + resolve unconcsious conflicts that influence behaviour
  • focus on early relationships that shape current behaviour
51
Q

schema therapy for personality disorders

A
  • ID + modify deep-seated schemas that make bad behaviour
  • cognitively
  • experiential (role-playing to reprocess traumatic events)
52
Q

2 categories of sexual disorders

A
  1. paraphilic = wack sexual interests
  2. sexual dysfunction = issues in sexual response cycle
53
Q

challenges in treating sexual disorders

A
  1. stigma + shame
  2. risk management -> disorders involve urges to pose risk to others
54
Q

CBT for sexual disorders

A
  1. cog restructuring
  2. impulse control techniques
  3. relapse prevention
55
Q

psychodynamic therapy for sex disorder?

A
  1. insight-oriented therapy -> early life epxeriences
  2. attachment-focused -> issues of attachment + intimacy
56
Q

2 types of meds for sex disorders

A
  • SSRI (reduce sex urges)
  • anti-androgen(reduce sex drive)
57
Q

3 steps of psychoeducation for pedophiles

A
  1. educate patients + families
  2. community resources -> guide individuals to support services
  3. empowerment -> manage symptoms
58
Q

psychodynamic theory what does it show us

A

unconscious influences on problematic behaviour

  1. gain access to repressed thoughts + feelings
  2. resolve conflicts that arose in childhood
  3. assist clients in gaining awareness of unconscious desires
59
Q

techniques in psychodynamics

A
  1. free association
  2. analysis of resistance
  3. transference
  4. dream analysis
60
Q

epigenetics meaning

A

how environment can cause genetic changes

61
Q

ethical considerations in clinical

A
  1. confidentiality
  2. informed consent
  3. professional integrity
62
Q

cultural competence definition

A

understand + respect diverse cultural backgrounds
- cultural awareness
- cultural knowledge
- cultural skill

63
Q

how cultural competence affects therapy

A
  1. effective communication
  2. client engagement
  3. evidence-based adaptatio s
  4. cultural competence models and tools
    5.
64
Q

psychopathology definition

A

study of mental disorders

65
Q

self harm

A

direct behaviour that causes injury without conscious suicidal intent and without psychosis or intellectual impairment

66
Q

prevalence of SH

A
  • 30% in adolescents
  • has increased esp among women
67
Q

is SH in DSM?

A

Nope but physical manifestation of other disorders

68
Q

factors on suicide

A
  1. psych factors
  2. emotional distress
  3. interpersonal dynamics
69
Q

psychological functions of NSSI (non-suicidal, self injury)

A
  1. affect regulation
  2. communication
  3. control/punishment
  4. anti-dissociation
  5. anti-suicide
  6. interpersonal influence / boundaries
  7. self-punishment
  8. sensation seeking
70
Q

chapman experiential avoidance model for SH

A
  • SH primarily for coping with emotional distress (over time automatic conditioned response)
  1. experiential avoidance
  2. negative reinforcement (alleviating anxiety or guilt)
  3. emo reg deficits
  4. automatic escape responses
71
Q

Dual Harm Model definition

A
  • intersection of self-injury + aggressive behaviour ESPECIALLY in correctional settings

2 issues:
- impulse control
- emo dysregulation

72
Q

Links of suicide + self-harm with cognitive deficits

A
  1. impulsivity
  2. problem solving
  3. emotional management
73
Q

impulsivity definition

A
  • premature responding, sensation seeking, risk taking + inability to inhibit response

*preferring immediate over delayed rewards

74
Q

who is most likely to commit suicide

A
  1. men
  2. under 45 yrs old
  3. clinical or correctional settings
75
Q

risk factors of self harm in prison

A
  1. young age
  2. male
  3. longer time in custody (unless first experience)
  4. prison climate
  5. social + mental health support
76
Q

risk factors for suicide in prison

A
  1. male
  2. 21-39 yrs old
  3. not yet sentenced (fear of unknown)
  4. soon after release from prison
  5. long sentence length
  6. single cell location
77
Q

therapeutic approach to prevent suicide

A

crisis response planning = strategies for prisoners when they are experiencing suicidal thoughts

78
Q

ACCT document definition

A

assessment care in custody and teamwork

*members of staff note down causes for concern
*all staff have access so they can be mindful of factors and provide best care

79
Q

measures to reduce SH and suicide

A
  1. staff training
  2. communication + continuity of care of prisoners
  3. assessment of prisoners
  4. monitor at risk prisoners
  5. prison: regular activities + social opportunities
  6. encourage reg contact with fam
  7. external expertise
80
Q

7 principles of care

A
  1. suicide is NOT inevitable
  2. change is possible
  3. awareness of suicidal thoughts reduces risk of committing
  4. person must consent to getting help
  5. positive listening to alleviate despair
  6. some deaths will still occur even with good care
  7. staff also needs to be supported
81
Q

theory of planned behaviour

A

behaviour influenced by

  1. attitude -> individ eval of performing specific behaviour
  2. subjective norm
  3. behavioural control -> eval of prob successful completion
82
Q

transtheoretical model of change

A
  1. pre-contemplation -> no intention to change
  2. contemplation -> considering change in next 6 months
  3. preparation -> planning to act within month
  4. action -> engaged for less than 6 months
  5. maintenance -> engaged for more than 6 months
83
Q

actuarial risk assessment

A

assesses risks through statistics

  • removes human bias
84
Q

clinical assessment

A

subjective decision-making of clinician using education + experience + intuition

  • quantitative
85
Q

dialectical behaviour therapy
- what disorder is it used for
- what is it

A

BPD

  • emo regulation, interpersonal skills + distress tolerance
86
Q

static risk factor

A

characteristic of offender predictive of reoffending that can’t be changed

87
Q

dynamic risk factor

A

characteristic of offender predictive of reoffending that can be changed

3 + 4+ 5 semester (10 decks)

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