tutorial 3

Question 1

Describe the benefits of vaccination

Answer 1

Vaccines help develop immunity by imitating an infection. This type of infection, however,
almost never causes illness, but it does cause the immune system to produce T-lymphocytes.

Question 2

memory” Tlymphocytes

Answer 2

Once the imitation infection goes away, the body is left with a supply of “memory” Tlymphocytes, as well as B-lymphocytes that will remember how to fight that disease in the
future

Question 3

antigen

Answer 3

parts of the invading germs called antigens An antigen may be a substance from the
environment, such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen.

Question 4

Antibody

Answer 4

e Proteins that recognize recognizes foreign substances like bacteria and viruses,
and neutralizes them. After exposure to a foreign substance, called an antigen, antibodies
continue to circulate in the blood, providing protection against future exposures to that
antigen.

Question 5

Active immunity

Answer 5

results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system
to produce antibodies to that disease.

Question 6

examples of active immunity

Answer 6

Exposure to the disease organism can occur through
infection with the actual disease or introduction of a killed or weakened form of the disease
organism through vaccination

Question 7

Passive immunity

Answer 7

Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a
disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system.

Question 8

examples of Passive immunity

Answer 8

newborn
baby acquires passive immunity from its mother through the placenta. A person can also get
passive immunity through antibody-containing blood products such as immune globulin,
which may be given when immediate protection from a specific disease is needed.

Question 9

The difference of active and passive immunity

Answer 9

passive immunity lasts only for a few weeks or months. Only active
immunity is long-lasting. major advantage to passive immunity; protection is immediate,
whereas active immunity takes time (usually several weeks) to develop.

Question 10

t two characteristics of live attenuated vaccines

Answer 10

These vaccines contain a version of the living virus or bacteria that has been weakened so
that it does not cause serious disease in people with healthy immune systems.
- Because live, attenuated vaccines are the closest thing to a natural infection, they are good
teachers for the immune system.

Question 11

two characteristics of inactivated vaccines.

Answer 11

Are made by inactivating or killing the germ during the process to make a vaccine, different
in producing immunity with live attenuated vaccine
- Multiple sessions are required to build up and maintain immunity

Question 12

For some vaccines (primarily inactivated vaccines), the first dose does not provide as much
immunity as possible.

Answer 12

So, more than one dose is needed to build more complete immunity.
The vaccine that protects against the bacteria Hib, which causes meningitis, is a good
example

Question 13

For some vaccines, after a while, immunity begins to wear off.

Answer 13

boster”
dose is needed to bring immunity levels back up. This booster dose usually occurs several
years after the initial series of vaccine doses is given. For example, in the case of the DTaP
vaccine, which protects against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis, the initial series of four
shots that children receive as part of their infant immunizations helps build immunity

Question 14

For some vaccines (primarily live vaccines), studies have shown that more than one dose

Answer 14

is

needed for everyone to develop the best immune response

Question 15

in the case of flu vaccines

Answer 15

adults and children (6 months and older) need to get a
dose every year. Children 6 months through 8 years old who have never gotten a flu vaccine
in the past or have only gotten one dose in past years need two doses the first year they are
vaccinated. Then, an annual flu vaccine is needed because the flu viruses causing disease
may be different from season to season.

Question 16

Macrophages

Answer 16

re white blood cells that swallow up and digest germs, plus dead or dying cells. The
macrophages leave behind parts of the invading germs called antigens. The body identifies antigens
as dangerous and stimulates antibodies to attack them.

Question 17

B-lymphocytes

Answer 17

are defensive white blood cells. They produce antibodies that attack the antigens
left behind by the macrophages.

Question 18

• T-lymphocytes

Answer 18

e another type of defensive white blood cell. They attack cells in the body that
have already been infected.