antimicrobial resistance 2

Question 1

How Bacteria Become Resistant

Answer 1

Intrinsic resistance

Acquired resistance

Question 2

Intrinsic resistance

Answer 2

Bacteria are naturally resistant because they lack the specific target site for the drug
Drug is unable to cross the organism’s cell wall or cell membrane and therefore cannot reach its site of action.

Question 3

Acquired resistance

Answer 3

Where bacteria that were once susceptible to a particular drug become resistant.

Question 4

Causes of antimicrobial resistance

Answer 4

Mutants
Microbes placed under stress (attack from antimicrobial) have the ability to reproduce using information from repair genes

Question 5

mutant and prevention

Answer 5

As a natural part of life, mutant cells arise spontaneously at the rate of 1:1 000 000 cells.
Mutants may also arise from the transfer of genes from other microbes.
When a mutant is less susceptible to an antimicrobial agent than its parent, mutant growth is favoured during treatment.
The mutant then becomes the dominant member of the pathogen population.
Limiting antimicrobial use or using doses high enough to block mutant growth will slow the process.

Question 6

Microbes placed under stress (attack from antimicrobial) have the ability to reproduce

Answer 6

using information from repair genes that are more prone to develop mutations as the coding does not necessarily match the original sequence.
If these mutations are growth advantaged they will become the dominant population

Question 7

How bacteria become resistant

Answer 7

Before a drug enters a bacterial cellit must first bind to proteins on the surface of the cell

Question 8

Proteins that bind to a cell

Answer 8

Drug binding sites

Question 9

Chromosomal mutation

Answer 9

Affects the structure of a drug binding site can prevent the deug from binding, resulting to drug resistance

Question 10

How drug enters

Answer 10

To enter a bacterial cell a drug myst be able to pass tgrought the cell wall and cell membrane
Chromosomal mutations may alter the structure of the cell membrane this preventibg the dryg from entering the cell this results to drug resistance
Bacteria can develop the ability to producd an enzyme that destroys or inactivates a drug
Dna strands that contain multiple genes

Question 11

Resistance transfer factor

Answer 11

Dna strands that contain multiple genes for drug resistance and can be passed from organism to organism

Question 12

Beta lactamase

Answer 12

Every penicillin containd a beta lactam ring

Some bacteria produce beta lactamase tgat destroy betalactan ring redering antibiotic useless

Question 13

Beta lactam inhibitors

Answer 13

To combat beta lactamase and prevents acting on tge anyibiotic

Question 14

Why does resis emerge

Answer 14

Microorganisms have developed a robyst system if being able to evade destruction by toxic substances

Question 15

Anti microbial are produces

Answer 15

By microorganisms

Protective mechanism prevent entrabce or destroy tge drug

Question 16

Multidrug pumps

Answer 16

Bacteria cab become resistant by developinf tge ability to prodyce multidrug pumps which ebables to bacteria to punp drugs before it kills the crll
C

Question 17

Chromosomal mutations

Answer 17

New genes
By transformation - recipient bacterium takes up extracellular donor DNA
Transduction - donor dna packaged in a bacterium infects the recipienr bacterium
Conjugation- donor bacterium transferm dna ehile mating

Question 18

Stages if antimicrobial resistance

Answer 18

Stage 1 gentic mutstion

Stage 2 selective advantage

Question 19

Genetic mutation

Answer 19

Mutation in dna sequence of relevant genes because antibiotic resistance is transferred from another resistant bacterium

Question 20

Selective advantage

Answer 20

Once a ressitant gene is present, the cells containing it able to grow in presence of the antibiotic and therefore increase in numbers

Naturally resistant organisms are favoured
The total amount kf antibiotic used is a general indicator of the selection pressure and continuous exposure to an antibiotic provides the strongest selection pressure

Question 21

Originally anti microbial substances in

Answer 21

Were produced by organism to protect from other organisms

Question 22

Sublethal concentration

Answer 22

Of antimicrobialincrease the rate of adaptation in organisms and possibily act as signaling agen

Question 23

Drug cannot bind to the bacterial siye

Answer 23

A chromosomal nutation that causes a changr in cell membrane

Question 24

chromosomal nutation that causes a changr in cell membrane

Answer 24

Drug cannot bind to the bacterial siye

Question 25

A chromosomal mutation that causes change in cell membrane permeability

Answer 25

The drug can’t pass through the cell membrane and thus can not enter the cell

Question 26

The drug can’t pass through the cell membrane and thus can not enter the cell

Answer 26

A chromosomal mutation that causes change in cell membrane permeability

Question 27

Acquisistion of a gene that enables the bacterium to produce an enzyme that destroys or inactivates the cell

Answer 27

Drug is destroyed or inactivated by the enzyme

Question 28

Drug is destroyed or inactivated by the enzyme

Answer 28

Acquisistion of a gene that enables the bacterium to produce an enzyme that destroys or inactivates the cell

Question 29

Acquisition of a gene that enalbkea tge bacterium to produce mulitdrug resistance pump

Answer 29

Drug js punped out before it can damage or kill the cell

Question 30

Drug js punped out before it can damage or kill the cell

Answer 30

cquisition of a gene that enalbkea tge bacterium to produce mulitdrug resistance pump