tutorial 2

Question 1

epidimiology

Answer 1

Study of the occurrence and distribution of the health-related diseases and events in specified populations, including the study of determinants influencing such states, and the application of this knowledge to control the health problem.

Question 2

purpose of epidimiology

Answer 2

to investigate nature/ extent of health-related phenomena in the community
to study natural history and prognosis of health-related problems
to identify causes and risk factors
to recommend in application of best interventions
to provide foundation for public policy

Question 3

Broad types of epidimiology

Answer 3

descriptive and analytic

Question 4

Descriptive

Answer 4

testing a specific hypothesis about the relationship of a disease to a specific cause, by conducting an epidemiologic study that relates the exposure of interest to the outcome of interest.
typical study designs: cohort, case-control, experimental design.

Question 5

analytic

Answer 5

examining the distribution of a disease and a observing the basic features of its distribution in terms of time
typical study design: corss-sectional study, descriptive study

Question 6

5w’s of descriptive epidimiology

Answer 6

what=health issue of concern
who= person
where- place
when= time
why/how= causes, risk factors, modes of transmission

Question 7

epidimiology explained in 7 steps

Answer 7

define population of interest
conceptualize and create measures of exposure and health indicators
take a sample of the population
estimate measures of association between exposures and health inidcatorsof interest
rigorously evaluate whether the association observed suggest a casual association
assess the evidence for causes working together
assess the extent to which the results matters, is externally valid, to other populations

Question 8

epidimiologist

Answer 8

cases or health event and describes them in terms of time, place and person
divides the number of cases by an appropriate denominator to calculate rates
compares these rates over time

Question 9

cahian of infection

Answer 9

infectious agent
reservior
portal of exit
mode ofg transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host

Question 10

incubation

Answer 10

the time interval from exposure to an infectious agent to the onset of symptoms of an infectious disease

Question 11

induction

Answer 11

time interval between exposure and pathological onset

Question 12

latency

Answer 12

time from exposure to a casual agent to onset of symptoms of a disease

Question 13

sojourn

Answer 13

inerval between disease detectable and onset of symptoms

Question 14

endemic

Answer 14

refers to the constant resence and/ or usual prevelance of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area,

Question 15

epidemic

Answer 15

refers to the increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population

Question 16

pandemic

Answer 16

refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people

Question 17

prevalence

Answer 17

the number of proportion of cases or events or attributes among a given population

Question 18

incidence

Answer 18

a measure of the frequency with, which, new cases of illness, injury, or other health conditionsoccurs among a population duringa specified period

Question 19

pathogenecity

Answer 19

the ability of an agent to cause disease after infection, measured as the proportion of persons by an agent who then experience clinical disease

Question 20

virulence

Answer 20

the ability of an infectious agent to cause severe disease, measured as the proprtion of persons with the disease who become severely ill or die

Question 21

infectivity

Answer 21

the ability of an infectious agent to cause infection, measured as the proportion of persons exposed to an infectious agent who become infected

Question 22

outbreak

Answer 22

the occurence of more cases of disease, injury or other health conditions than expected in a given area or among a specific group of persons during a specific period

Question 23

line listing

Answer 23

type of epidemiologic databas, organised similar to a spreadsheet with rows and columns in which information from cases or patients are listed. each column represents a variable and each row represents an individual case or patient

Question 24

reproductive rate

Answer 24

the number of people infected by a case or how many one infected person will transmit the disease to.

Question 25

r0 >

Answer 25

1 disease will become epidemic

Question 26

r0=

Answer 26

1 disease will become endemic

Question 27

r0

Answer 27

1 disease will disappear