Antimicrobial Resistance 3

Question 1

Humans

Answer 1

All begin to be colonised by enterobacteria from birth

Question 2

Some of bacteria from birth

Answer 2

Show some antimicrobial resistance that produce beta lactamaseu

Question 3

Role of animals and the envied in driving resistance

Answer 3

The use of antimicrobial in farmcanumals and transmission of resistant organisms in 1960
Bacteria and mobile elements liger on animals skin and faeces and can be transmitted from bacteria yo bacteria

Question 4

Pigs and pig manure

Other causes

Answer 4

Exposure hunan mrsa caused

Metals in environment, nutrogen fertisers affect abundance of resistant organisms in soils

Question 5

Antimicrobialsar epressicrbed

Answer 5

Most prescirved drugs

Question 6

Level of affect public health

Answer 6

Vaccination rates
Health care quality
Migration
Tourism
Population density

Question 7

Part kf resistance are ljnked tob

Answer 7

Use outside of human medicine
Veterinary medicine animal foods
Agriculture

Question 8

Human to human transmission drive resistance

Answer 8

Faecal-oral transmission
Sexual encounters
Health care
Inability to rapidly identify resistant organisms
Travel potential interruption through mass drug administration and vaccination the target organism

Question 9

Sewage and waste processing

Pharmaceutical

Answer 9

Has resulted in pathogenic resistant organisms being isolated in pre treatment and post treatment sewerage system

Question 10

Resistance affecting fitness if organism

Answer 10

Mutations that alter the target of antimicrobial can change bacterial physiology potentially making them less fir but compensatory mutation very often restore fitness

Question 11

Is resistance reversible

Answer 11

Attempting to out number resistant organisms by susceptible strains through limiting antimicrobial access eill not necessarily remove the resistant strain

Resistance is dependent on a number of genes and therefore only by removing access to all drugs to ehivh resistance and only if it is beneficial to the organism

Question 12

Approaches to dealing with resistance

Answer 12

Improve diagnosis and prescription in human, animal and agricultural sectors
Robust infection control mechanism to avoid transmission and need for treatment
Use of animal growth promoters and inappropriate infection prevention
Access to non medical feeds must ve promoted
Integrating of human and animal medicine public and environmental health policies and interlinking research and education

Question 13

Research needs

Answer 13

Understanding gow to minimise selection of antimicrobial resistance and optimal use of antimicrobial therapy
How to reduce prevalence of resistant organisms
Science of gene transfer and mechanism of resistance