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Tuscany (IT) Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

In which year the first DOC were awarded?

A

1966

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2
Q

Which wines got granted DOC status in Italy in 1966?

A

Vernaccia di San Gimignano. (1st one)
Ischia.
Est! Est!! Est!!! di Montefiascone.
Frascati.

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3
Q

Is the majority of the Tuscany wine production at DOC status?

A

Yes, 60%

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4
Q

What’s the climate in Tuscany?

A

Mediterranean

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5
Q

What’s the majority of the plantings in Tuscany? White or Red?

A

85% Red

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6
Q

What are the main grapes of Tuscany?

A

Sangiovese, Canaiolo, Colorino, Cab Sav, Merlot, Syrah

Chardonnay, Trebbiano Toscano, Malvasia

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7
Q

How many DOCG in Tuscany?

Name them

A 
11
Vernaccia di San Gimignano;
Aleatico Passito dell’Elba;
Brunello di Montalcino;
Carmignano;
Chianti Classico;
Chianti;
Montecucco Sangiovese;
Morellino di Scansano;
Val di Cornia Rosso;
Suvereto;
Vino Nobile di Montepulciano;
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8
Q

In which year DOCG were granted first?

A

1980

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9
Q

Which wines received DOCG first in 1980?

A

Brunello di Montalcino.
Vino Nobile di Montepulciano.
Barolo (all 3 in July)
in October Barbaresco too

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10
Q

What’s the soil in the Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG?

A

Volcanic Sandstone

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11
Q

What’s the Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG based on? Are white grapes allowed?

A

Prugnolo Gentile, min 70%

Up to 5% W (eg: Malvasia Bianca)

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12
Q

What styles of Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG are allowed?
Which ABV?

A

Normale 12.5%

Riserva 13%

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13
Q

What are the agings for Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG ?

A

Vino Nobile di Montepulciano: Minimum 2 years aging from January 1 of the year following the harvest
(Min. 12 mth in wood and 6 mth in bottle)

Riserva: Minimum 3 years aging, including at least 6 months in bottle, from January 1 of the year following the harvest

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14
Q

Carmignano DOCG? What’s the maximum elevation for the vineyards?

A

400m

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15
Q

What is Carmignano DOCG based on?

A

Sangiovese, Min 50%

+ 10-20% CF, CS plus others

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16
Q

What are the main grapes of Vernaccia di San Gimignano DOCG?

A

Vernaccia

max 15% of other non aromatic white grapes

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17
Q

How many white wine DOCG in Tuscany?

A

1) Vernaccia di San Gimignano

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18
Q

In which year the Gran Duca Cosimo III de’ Medici delimited the Chianti Classico Zone?

A

In 1716, with Radda, Gaiole, Castellina in Chianti, Greve

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19
Q

In which year the Chianti subzones were delimited?

were them the same as today?

A

In 1932.
7 areas delimited.

  • Montespertoli subzone was added in 1997
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20
Q

In which year Chianti was granted DOCG?

A

1984

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21
Q

In which year Chianti Classico was elected as its own DOCG?

A

1996

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22
Q

Who created the Chianti Formula?

A

in 1872 the Barone Bettino Ricasoli

White grapes were added to the wine

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23
Q

In which provinces is Chianti Classico?

A

Firenze and Siena

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24
Q

How many communes are in Chianti Classico?

A

9
5 in the Siena province
4 in the Firenza province

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25
Q

Name the communes of Chianti Classico

N to S

A

San Casciano val di Pesa, Greve in Chianti, Tavernelle val di Pesa, Barberino Val d’Elsa, Poggibonsi, Castellina in Chianti, Radda, Gaiole, Castelnuovo Berardenga

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26
Q

Which communes of Chianti Classico are part of the Siena province?

A

Poggibonsi, Castellina in Chianti, Radda, Gaiole, Castelnuovo Berardenga

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27
Q

Which communes of Chianti Classico are part of the Firenze province?

A

San Casciano Val di Pesa, Greve in Chianti, Tavernelle VDP, Barberino Val d’Elsa

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28
Q

What are the soil of Chianti Classico?

A

Galestro: Soft, friable, Marl

and Alberese: Sandstone

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29
Q

What’s the soil of San Casciano Val di Pesa?

A

It’s Alberese

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30
Q

Where is the Cosorzio del Chianti. Classico based?

A

In San Casiano Val di Pesa

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31
Q

Name 2 producers based in San Casciano

A

Antinori(Santa Cristina Estate)

Borghetto, Montesecondo

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32
Q

What’s the soil in Greve in Chianti?

A

Galestro

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33
Q

Can you name 2 frazioni in Greve in C?

A

Montefioralle, Ruffoli, Lamole, Panzano (Conca d’Oro)

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34
Q

Name 2 iconic producers based in Greve

A

Fontodi, Querciabella, Poggio Scalette, Castello dei Rampolla

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35
Q

Name an iconic producer based in Tavernelle

A

Antinori (badia a passignano)

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36
Q

Where are Isole e Olena and Castello di Monsanto based?

A

In Barberino Val d’Elsa

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37
Q

Where is Montevertine based?

A

In Radda

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38
Q

Where is Barone Ricasoli, Castello di Ama and Sangiusto a Retennano based?

A

Based in Gaiole

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39
Q

Where is Felsina based?

A

In Castelnuovo Berardenga

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40
Q

Where is Fontodi based? Can you name the frazione?

A

Based in Greve, in the Conca d’Oro , south of Panzano

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41
Q

What are the province of Chianti DOCG?6

A

Firenze Siena Arezzo

Prato, Pisa, Pistoia

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42
Q

In which year Chianti was elevated to DOCG?

A

1984

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43
Q

Which styles are allowed in Chianti DOCG?

A

Chianti, Chianti Riserva, Chianti Superiore, Chianti with subzone

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44
Q

Which styles are allowed in Chianti Classico DOCG?

A

Chianti Classico, CC Riserva, and CC Gran Selezione

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45
Q

In which year was the Gran Selezione for CC approved?

A

The new category was approved in 2014 for wines beginning with the 2010 vintage, though wines from an earlier vintage can apply for this recognition pending they can provide documentation that demonstrates all requirements have been met.

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46
Q

How many subzones in Chianti DOCG?

name them

A 
7 ( used to be 8 until 1996) 
Rufina, Colli Fiorentini, Montespertoli -> Firenze
Montalbano -> Prato, Pistoia, Firenze
C Colli Senesi ->Siena
C Colline Pisane -> Pisa
C Colli Aretini-> Arezzo
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47
Q

What’s the assemblage in Chianti DOCG?

Which is the exception?

A

70-100 % Sangiovese
Maximum 30% combined other grapes authorized for Toscana
Maximum 10% white grapes
Maximum 15% combined Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc

Chianti Colli Senesi:
75-100% Sangiovese
Maximum 25% combined other red grapes authorized for Toscana
Maximum 10% combined Trebbiano Toscano and Malvasia del Chianti until 2015 vintage
Maximum 10% combined Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc

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48
Q

What’s the assemblage for Chianti Classico DOCG?

A

80-100% Sangiovese
Maximum 20% other red grapes authorized by Siena and Firenze (i.e. Colorino, Canaiolo Nero, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot)

  • As of the 2006 vintage, Trebbiano Toscano and Malvasia Bianco are no longer allowed
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49
Q

Until which year Chianti Classico was a mandatory blend?

A

Until 1995

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50
Q

What’s the min ABV for Chianti DOCG?

A

Chianti 11.5%
Chianti Riserva 12%

Chianti and Riserva W Subzone 11.5% to 13%
(13% only for Colli Senesi Riserva)

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51
Q

Is the Governo practice allowed in Chianti DOCG?

A

Yes, but it must be noted on the label

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52
Q

What is the Governo practice?

A

Governo is a winemaking technique reportedly invented in Tuscany in the 14th century to help complete fermentation and stabilize the wine. The technique involves saving a batch of harvested grapes and allowing them to partially dry. If fermentation of the main batch starts too slow or appears to be nearing stuck fermentation, the half dried grapes are added to the must which then gives the yeast cells a new source of sugar to enliven the batch. From there, the must can be fermented dry or stopped with the wine having a higher level of residual sugar. The process was widely used in the Chianti zones until the advent of temperature controlled fermentation tanks.

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53
Q

What’s the min ABV for Chianti Classico DOCG?

A

C Classico 12%
C C Riserva 12.5%
Gran Selezione 13%

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54
Q

What are the aging requirement for Chianti DOCG?

A

`Chianti can be released from 1/3

Montespertoli 1/6

Fiorentini, Rufina 1/9

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55
Q

What are the aging requirement for Chianti Superiore DOCG?

A

Superiore can be released from

1/9

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56
Q

What are the aging requirement for Chianti Riserva DOCG?

A

Riserva can be released after 2yrs (3 mth bottle) (from1/1)

Riserva Fiorentini and Rufina 2yrs (min 6mth wood)

Riserva Senesi 2yrs (8 mth wood + 4 mth bottle)

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57
Q

What are the aging requirement for Chianti Classico DOCG?

A

It can be released after 1/10

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58
Q

What are the aging requirement for Chianti Classico Riserva DOCG?

A

2 yrs (3 mth bottle) from 1/1

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59
Q

What are the aging requirement for Chianti Classico Gran Selezione DOCG?
What is the condition?

A

30mth (3mth bottle)

  • Wine must be produced by estate fruit
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60
Q

What’s the planting density in Chianti and Chianti Classico?

A

4000 Vines/ Ha in Chianti

3.350 Vines/Ha in CC

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61
Q

Which Chianti Subzone is regarded as the most consistent in Quality?

A

Rufina

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62
Q

What is Clemente Santi renew for?

A

He Isolated the Brunello clone, which he bottled alone in 1865.

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63
Q

Why did he bottle the Brunello clone alone?

A

Clemente Santi was aiming to create a varietal wine able to age

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64
Q

Did Clemente released his Brunello?

A

No, he didn’t.

His grandson Ferruccio did release the 1888 after aging it for over a decade in large barrels

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65
Q

Which vintages of Brunello Biondi Santi were released up to 1945?

A

Only 4

1888, 1891, 1925, 1945

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66
Q

Was brunello a regarded wine after WWII?

A

It had an established reputation for rare fine wine.

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67
Q

How many Brunello producers there were in the 1960?

A

11

Until 1945 Biondi Santi was the only one

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68
Q

In which year the Brunello di Montalcino DOC was awarded?

A

1968

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69
Q

Which producer made the Brunello di Montalcino internationally famous?

A

Banfi.
It arrived in the late 1970s
It’s an American Company

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70
Q

In which year Brunello di Montalcino became DOCG?

A

1980

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71
Q

What happened in 2008 in Montalcino?

A

The Brunello Gate

*Ziliani and Suckling reported that an investigation had begun into allegations that some Brunello producers had secretly and illegally added other types of grapes into what are by law wines made only from Sangiovese, allegedly to inflate production and increase profit on this typically expensive product.

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72
Q

What’s the Climate of Montalcino?

A

Montalcino is the warmest and driest region in Tuscany.

The climate is mitigated by a cool maritime breeze

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73
Q

Where is Monte Amiata?

A

In the SE corner of Montalcino

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74
Q

What’s the soil in Montalcino?

A

Very Diversified:

  • Clay and marine sediments at lower elevation
  • galestro at higher elevation
  • Limestone, Schist, Volcanic
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75
Q

Can you name 2 Frazioni of Montalcino?How many there are?

A

7 total
the main ones are:
Sant’Angelo in Colle, Castelnuovo Abate, Torrenieri, Tavernelle

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76
Q

Which styles are allowed for Brunello DOCG?

What’s the ABV Min?

A

Brunello
Riserva
Vigna

12.5% for all

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77
Q

Is any other grape allowed for Brunello di Montalcino but Sangiovese ?

A

No, 100% Sangiovese

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78
Q

Aging requirements for Brunello?

A

2 yrs W + 4 m B may not be sold before 1/1 of 5th year

5yr (2yrs wood + 4 mth bottle)

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79
Q

Aging requirements for Brunello Riserva?

A

6yr (2yrs wood + 6 mth bottle)

2 yrs W + 6 m B may not be sold before 1/1 of 6th year

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80
Q

What bottle must be used to bottle Brunello?

A

It must be bottle in a Bordelaise bottle with a cork

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81
Q

What are the Yielding requirement in Brunello?

A

8T/ha ->54.4

7T/ha -> 47.6 (Vigna)

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82
Q

In which year was the Rosso di Montalcino DOC created?

A

in 1983

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83
Q

Which styles are allowed in the Rosso di Montalcino DOC?

A

Rosso and Rosso Vigna

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84
Q

What’s the min ABV in Rosso di Montalcino DOC?

Is there any other variety allowed?

A

12%

no, 100% Sangiovese

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85
Q

What’s the aging requirement for Rosso di Montalcino?

A

1 yr (from Sept 1) no cask required

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86
Q

What is the Sant Antimo DOC for?

A

It’s the DOC used for international varieties in Montalcino. The outlet for Super Tuscans in Montalcino

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87
Q

What is the Moscadell di Montalcino DOC for?

A

Still, Spk, Late Harvest

min 85% Moscato Bianco

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88
Q

Name 3 iconic Brunello producers

A

Val di Cava, Biondi Santi, Poggio di Sotto, Mastrojanni, Casanova di Neri, Uccelliera, Talenti

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89
Q

Where and when the Marchese Mario Incisa della Rocchetta planted CS for a house wine?

A

In Bolgheri in 1942

on the ‘San Guido Estate’

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90
Q

First Sassicaia vintage? What oak was used?

A

1968

Barrique aged CS blend

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91
Q

First vintage of Tignanello? What’s the main grape?

A

1971 (Antinori)

Sang 85% ( barrique aged)

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92
Q

After Sassicaia and Tignanello, which other Supertuscans are considered to be the first?

A

Solaia, Ornellaia, Masseto, Paleo Rosso

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93
Q

Which other 100% Sangiovese Supertuscans followed?

A

San Felice Vigorello(no more sang)

Montevertine, Pergole Torte, Cepparello,

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94
Q

Under which appellation were those wines released?

A

As Vino da Tavola

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95
Q

In which year IGT was created? What was one of the main reason for its creation?

A

1992, One of the main motivator was the dissatisfaction with the DOC system

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96
Q

In Which year the Bolgheri DOC was created?

What was it for?

A

1983

Bolgheri DOC was only for Rosato and white

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97
Q

In which year the Bolgheri DOC included Reds?

A

1994

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98
Q

What was recognised to Sassicaia in 1994?

A

Sassicaia was recognized as a subzone to Bolgheri

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99
Q

In which year the subzone Sassicaia was granted his own DOC?

A

2013

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100
Q

What is the assemblage for Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC?

A

Min. 80% Cabernet Sauvignon, max. 20% other red grapes suitable for cultivation in Tuscany

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101
Q

What’s the aging requirement for Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC?

A

2 yrs (18mth wood, 225 l Barrique)

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102
Q

What’s so unique about Bolgheri Sasssicaia DOC?

A

It’s the only true Monopole DOC in Italy

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103
Q

Can you name 3 iconic producers in the area of Bolgheri?

A

Le Macchiole, Banfi, Ornellaia, Grattamacco, Ca’ Marcanda, Guado al Tasso

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104
Q

Rosso della Val di Cornia DOC. Where is it?

A

It’s in the south east of Bolgheri. Suvereto is located within it

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105
Q

Rosso della Val di Cornia DOCG, what’s the assemblage?

A

min 40% Sangiovese, max 60% Cab/ Merlot,

Max 20% others

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106
Q

Suvereto DOCG. What’s the assemblage?

A 
Red only 
Suvereto Rosso (and Rosso Riserva)
Suvereto Sangiovese (and Riserva)
Suvereto Merlot (and Riserva)
Suvereto Cabernet Sauvignon (and Riserva)

Suvereto Rosso: Cabernet Sauvignon and/or Merlot, plus a max. 15% other red grapes suitable for cultivation in Toscana
Varietal-Labeled Wines: Min. 85% of stated variety, plus a max. 15% other red grapes suitable for cultivation in Toscana

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107
Q

Suvereto used to be a subzone of which appellation?

A

It used to be a named subzone of the Val di Cornia DOC

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108
Q

What is Montecucco Sangiovese DOCG based on?

What’s the min ABV?

A

min 90% Sangiovese
R 13%
R Riserva 13.5%

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109
Q

What is Morellino di Scansano DOCG based on?

A

Min 85% Morellino (Sangiovese)

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110
Q

In which year the first vintage of Sassicaia was released?

A

1971 (1968 vintage)

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111
Q

Who is the iconic oenologist considered to be the father of many Supertuscans?

A

Giacomo Tachis

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112
Q

Where did Giacomo Tachis worked for almost 32 years?

A

Antinori

113
Q

Which iconic wines are considered of being fathered by Giacomo Tachis?

A

Sassicaia, Solaia and Tignanello, San Leonardo and Turriga

114
Q

In which year was Sassicaia not produced?

A

1969 and 1973

115
Q

Who founded Ornellaia?

A

Ludovico Antinori

116
Q

Which internationally acclaimed winemaker helped Ludovico Antinori with Ornellaia?

A

André Tchelistcheff

117
Q

Which influential wine-person partly owned Ornellaia for few years in the early 2000?

A

Robert Mondavi

118
Q

What is the only DOCG for sweet wines only in Tuscany?

A

Elba Aleatico Passito DOCG

119
Q

What’s the cepage of Elba Aleatico Passito DOCG?

A

100% Aleatico.

It’s a sweet red Passito

120
Q

To which grape variety is the Aleatico associated to?

A

Aleatico is genetically linked to Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains.
Possibly, it’s a red skinned mutation

121
Q

What is Vin Santo?

A

It’s a high alcohol, almond honeyed dried grapevine produced from Trebbiano and Malvasia. Grechetto is sometimes authorised too.

122
Q

What is the Occhio di Pernice?

A

Is the Rosé version of it with minimum 50% Sangiovese plus white grapes

123
Q

What are the Caratelli barrels? What’s the size?

A

Chestnut wood barrels (usually) of. 50 L

Used for the aging of Vin Santo

124
Q

How long does Vin Santo age for in the Caratelli barrels?

A

Usually, 3 to 8 years

125
Q

What is the result Vin Santo style?

A

Vin Santo can be sweet or dry depending on the appassimento.
It can also be fortified. If so, Liquoroso

126
Q

Are the Caratelli barrels regularly topped up?

A

They are never topped up

127
Q

Name the 4 DOC for Vin Santo in Tuscany?

A

Vin Santo del Chianti DOC
Vin Santo del Chianti Classico DOC
Vin Santo di Carmignano DOC
Vin Santo di Montepulciano DOC

128
Q

Name 3 other Tuscany DOC that allow Vin Santo as a style

A 
Elba DOC
Maremma Toscana DOC
Montecucco DOC
Orcia DOC
Pomino DOC
S. Gimignano DOC
129
Q

What are the subzone of Vin Santo del Chianti DOC?

A

Same as Chianti:

C. Aretini, C Pisane, C Fiorentini, C Senesi, Montespertoli, Rufina, Montalbano

130
Q

What’s the aging requirement for vin Santo del Chianti ?

What’s the difference with vin Santo del Chianti Classico?

A

VS d Chianti: Wooden vessels no larger than 500 L
3 yrs
4yrs Riserva

VS d CC: Wooden vessels no larger than 300 L
3 Yrs (min 24 m in wood)
131
Q

Name 3 100% Sangiovese Supertuscans

A 
"Fontalloro" Felsina
"Flaccianello della Pieve" Fontodi
'Cepparello' Isole e Olena
'Pergole Torte' Montevertine
'Il carbonaione' Poggio Scalette
'Percarlo' San Giusto a Rentennano
'Vigorello' San Felice (on release only. Now is Cab Sav, Merlot)
132
Q

Name 3 100% Merlot Supertuscans

A 
'L'apparita' Castello di Ama
'Casalferro' Barone Ricasoli
'Boscarelli' Boscarelli
'Cantico' La Cappella
Lamaione' Frescobaldi
'Messorio' Macchiole
'Masseto' Tenuta dell' Ornellaia 
'La Ricolma' San Giusto a Rentennano
'Redigaffi' Tua Rita
133
Q

Name 1 Supertuscans 100% CS

A

‘Maestro Raro’ Felsina
‘Nemo’ Monsanto
‘Gabbro’ Montepeloso

134
Q

Name 1 100% Cab Franc supertuscans

A

Paleo, Le Macchiole

135
Q

Name 1 100% Syrah Supertuscans

A

‘Il Bosco’ Tenimenti d’Alessandro

‘Scrio’ Le Macchiole

136
Q

What’s the grape used in the iconic supertuscan from Il Carnasciale?
What’s the name of the cuvee?

A

‘Il Caberlot”
Made from 100% Caberlot. (Cab Sav + Merlot)
They are the only producer

137
Q

How is ‘Il Caberlot’ bottled?

A

Only in magnum

138
Q

Tignanello

Name the producer, First Vintage, and Majority of the Blend

A

Antinori
1971
sangiovese 75% + CS and CF

139
Q

Luce

Name the producer, and Majority of the Blend

A

Frescobaldi
Sangiovese red plus Merlot
1993

140
Q

Il Corzano

Name the producer, First Vintage, and Majority of the Blend

A

Corzano e Paterno
Sangiovese mainly
1987

141
Q

I sodi di San Niccolo

Name the producer, and Majority of the Blend

A

Castellare di Castellina

85/90% Sangiovese + Malvasia Nera

142
Q

Solaia

Name the producer, First Vintage, and Majority of the Blend

A

Antinori
CS (75%) CF Sang
1978

143
Q

Guado al Tasso

Name the producer, First Vintage, and Majority of the Blend

A

Antinori
50-65% CS
Merlot 30-40 %
1990

144
Q

Summus

Name the producer, First Vintage, and Majority of the Blend

A

Banfi
CS, Sang, Syrah
1985

145
Q

Mormoreto

Name the producer, and Majority of the Blend

A

Frescobaldi

CS, Merlot, CF, PV

146
Q

Grattamacco

Name the producer, and Majority of the Blend

A

Grattamacco,

Cs, Merl, Sang

147
Q

Ornellaia

Name the producer, and Majority of the Blend

A

Tenuta dell’Ornellaia
CS,merl, CF, PV
1985

148
Q

What’s the second wine of Ornellaia?

A

Serre Nuove

149
Q

Ca’Martina

Name the producer, and Majority of the Blend

A

Querciabella
CS (70%) CF
1981

150
Q

Sassicaia

Name the producer, First Vintage, and Majority of the Blend

A

Tenuta S Guido
CS (85%)
CF
1968

151
Q

Promis

Name the producer, First Vintage, and Majority of the Blend

A

Ca’ Marcanda (Gaja)
Merl, Syrah, Sang
2000

152
Q

Batar

Name the producer, First Vintage, and Majority of the Blend

A

Querciabella
50% CH and 50% PB
1988

153
Q

Who makes Flaccianello della Pieve?

A

Fontodi

154
Q

Where is Fontodi based?

A

In Greve in Chianti, In the Conca d’Oro, South of Panzano

155
Q

Which iconic supertuscans are made by Antinori?

A

Tignanello 1970
Solaia 1978
Guado al Tasso 1990

156
Q

When the Antinori family established themselves in Tuscany (Chianti Classico, San Casciano and Tavernelle)?

A

In the 12th Century

157
Q

Where is the Solaia plot?

A

Within the Tignanello vineyard.
Tignanello is a 56 ha Vineyard
Solaia is 20 HA within it

158
Q

In which commune is Querciabella based ?

A

Greve

159
Q

In which year Querciabella became organic? And Biodynamic?

A

Founded 1974
Organic 1988
Biod 2000

160
Q

Name 2 iconic cuvees from Querciabella

A

Bâtar(d) 1988 50% CH 50% PB
In 1995 Bâtar lost the -d

Palafreno 2000 100% Merlot

Camartina 1981 CS + SANG

161
Q

Where is Montevertine based?

A

In Radda in Chianti

162
Q

What was the first vintage of the ‘Pergole Torte’?

When did Montevertine leave the Consorzio?

A

1977

In the same year Montevertine left the Consorzio

163
Q

Under which appellation is Montevertine released?

A

IGT Toscana

164
Q

What Val di Cava did in 1967?

A

Bramante founded the consorzio of Brunello

165
Q

What oak regimen is used by Biondi Santi?

A

Slavonian Oak

166
Q

What is the Ricolmatura?

A

It’s a practice of filling/ reconditioning old bottles of (Brunello)
practice made famous by Biondi Santi

“All of the bottles who have undergone the strict process of reconditioning (Ricolmatura) at the Estate, a renowned service which is controlled and overseen by Franco in the presence of other wine experts and an independent notary. Old Riservas are opened, tasted and if required, topped up with small quantities of the same wine drawn from the Estate reserves. A new cork is inserted and replacement capsule applied. Any bottles which fail this test are not topped up and a plain cork only is used to reseal the bottle. Copies of the original recorking certificates will be supplied with each lot showing the bottle number and date of recorking. A high proportion of the original labels and Riserva vintage slips are still in excellent condition (see plate) but where they are fragile or damaged, replacement ‘period’ labels have been supplied by the vendor from the Estate. The majority of the Ricolmatura was carried out in 1990 and all levels are base of neck or better. Each bottle also carries a signed and numbered back label showing the details of the reconditioning.

167
Q

In which year Soldera founded his Estate ?

A

1972 Case Base Estate

168
Q

In which year Soldera released his first Brunello?

A

1977

169
Q

In which year Soldera only released Brunello as Riserva?

A

From 2000 until 2006

First Brunello Riserva was 1983

170
Q

What is the Case Base Estate “Pegasos”

A

It’s an early released Brunello. Only released in 2005

171
Q

What happened to Soldera in 2012?

A

A former employer vandalised Soldera’s cellar.

He lost part of the vintages from 2007 till 2012, but the almost entirety of the 2010.

172
Q

How much of the 2010 vintage was left after the act?

A

450L

he bottled the wine only in large formats and he sold it for charity

173
Q

In which year Soldera left the Consorzio?

Which Vintage is in fact partly released as DOCG and partly as IGT Toscana?

A

Soldera left the Consorzio in 2013

His 2006 vintage is half Brunello, and half IGT

174
Q

What’s the historic name of the Chianti Bottle?

A

Fiasco (A squat, straw- covered)

175
Q

Which grapes are the historic blending partners of Sangiovese in Tuscany?

A

Canaiolo (soften)

Colorino (used to add colour)

176
Q

What’s the name of the Sangiovese clone in Montalcino? and Montepulciano?

A

Brunello or Sangiovese Grosso

Prugnolo Gentile

177
Q

What ‘s the most planted red and white grape in Italy ?

A

R: Sangiovese
W: Trebbiano Toscano

178
Q

Describe why Brunello di Montalcino DOCG is warmer than Chianti Classico?

A

Brunello di Montalcino DOCG is in a warm pocket of Tuscany, protected on all sides by geographic elements. The Hills of Montecucco block access to the sea, the Monte Amiata shelters and breaks summer storms rather than in Montalcino itself. The Colli Senesi Hills block access to the north, and the southwest has the Tuscan Maremma. Chianti Classico is much father north and is exposed to the cool air of the Apennines. Harvest is 1 week to 10 days earlier in Montalcino than in Chianti.

179
Q

Where is the highly respected Montosoli vineyard?

A

Brunello di Montalcino DOCG

180
Q

What is the aging and blend requirements for Carmignano and Carmignano Riserva?

A

Minimum 50% Sangiovese, 10-20% Cabernet and Cabernet Franc, max 20% Canaiollo Nero, max combined Trebbiano Toscana, Malvasia del Chianti and Canaiollo Bianco. Max 10% other red grapes.

Regular: aged 8 months in wood, released the 2nd year
Riserva: aged 12 months released the 3rd year.

181
Q

What is the mountain that creates a rain shadow in Brunello?

A

Monte Amiata

182
Q

Where would you find the Ombrone, Orcia and Asso Rivers?

A

In the Brunello region

183
Q

What are the seven subzones of Brunello?

A 
Montalcino (highest altitudes)
Bosco
Torrenieri
Tavernelle
Camigliano
Saint Angelo (South, high altitude)
Castelnuovo dell’Abate (best subzone, far southeast)
184
Q

What type of trellising is most common in Brunello?

A

Cordon spur suits Sangiovese the best.

185
Q

Tignanello, Cepparello, Flaccianello are all labeled IGT Toscana. What other DOCG could they all qualify for?

A

Chianti Classico DOCG. The DOCG changed their rules allowing Cabernet and a percentage of other international grapes in the hopes to attract these high profile wineries back to the DOCG.

186
Q

Name two single vineyards of Brunello di Montalcino?

A 
Montasoli
Pian del Madonna
Tenuta Greppo (Biondi Santi)
187
Q

Where is Sesta/Tenuta di Sesta?

A

In Montalcino in the southern section. Wind currents blow along the Orcia River bed and lead to high diurnal fluctuations here. Great part of Montalcino. This is one of the top producers.

188
Q

What is the main grape of Maestro Raro? Who makes this wine?

A

This is a super Tuscan from Felsina. It is 100% Cabernet

189
Q

L’Apparita and Redigaffi are both Super Tuscans based on which grape?

A

L’Apparita is made by Castello di Ama, and Redigaffi is made by Tua Rita. Both are 100% Merlot.

190
Q

Pomino DOC overlaps which Tuscan DOCG? Who are two producers here?

A

This is within the same area as Chianti Rufina. Allows a higher amount of international varieties. Selvapiani and Frescobaldi are the only producers here.

191
Q

What are three clones of Sangiovese?

A

Prugnolo gentile (Vino Nobile)
Brunello (Sangiovese Grosso)
Sangiovese Piccolo
Sangiovese di Lamole

192
Q

First vintage of Ornellaia and blend

A

Founded by Lodovico Antinori (cousin of Piero). Named changed in 2012 to Ornellaia e Masseto. First vintage was 1985. Now owned by Frescobaldi.

193
Q

Describe the vineyard for Masseto

A

6.6 hectare site, a former clay quarry, was identified by Andre Tchelistcheff as having great potential for Merlot. High content of compact clay. First release was 1984. Frescobaldi bought this in 2005, and Michel Roland has been consultant.

194
Q

What is the second wine of Sassicaia?

A

Guidalberto

195
Q

True or False wines from the Chianti and Chianti Classico DOCGs may be made as pure varietal sangiovese?

A

True

196
Q

Who makes Madonna del Piano

A

Valdicava

197
Q

Name some producers making a Chianti Classico Gran Selezione?

A

Gran Selezione was allowed in 2013, making wines from 2010 vintage eligible. Some estates released earlier wines if they were in stock.

Isole e Olena Gran Selezione 2006
Antinori Badia a Passignano - first vintage with that label was 2009, in 2008 it was Chianti Classico Riserva

198
Q

Which DOC in Chianti Rufina permits Super Tuscan wines?

A

Pomino DOC

199
Q

Marco Caprai is a famous producer in which DOCG?

A

Sagrantino di Montefalco

200
Q

Which famous producer of Brunello opted out of the appellation after 2006 vintage?

A

Soldera Case Basse

201
Q

What are the grape varieties used in Ornellaia Bianco?

A

Sauvignon Blanc & Viognier

202
Q

What are the best and worst vintages of the 80s for Brunello di Montalcino.

A

Best: 1985, 1988
Worst: 1984, 1989

203
Q

Who makes Perlato del Bosco Rosso? What is the cepage?

A

Tua Rita; 60% Sangio/40% Cab

204
Q

In what year was Chianti Classico first allowed to be 100% Sangiovese? In what year did it become illegal to use white grapes in the blend?

A

1996; 2006

205
Q

Compare the relative altitudes of the great estates of Maremma and Bolgheri vs. Chianti.

A

Bolgheri estates (Sassicaia, Ornellaia, Ca’Marcanda, Guado al Tasso, and Le Macchiole) lie almost near sea level, and grow predominately Bordeaux grapes.

Chianti’s finest Sangiovese growing estates (Castello di Volpaia, Castello di Ama, Collelungo) are at 400-500m above sea level.

206
Q

What are the best vintages of the 21st century for Brunello di Montalcino?

A

2004, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2015

207
Q

What DOCGs mandate the usage of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and/or Cabernet Franc?

A

Carmignano (10-20% Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc, combined, required) and Suvereto (Min. 85% combined Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot)

208
Q

Panzano & Lamole are recognized crus of what region?

A

Greve in Chianti

209
Q

What two DOCGs are adjacent to Bolgheri?

A

Suvereto and Val di Cornia Rosso

210
Q

In 1716, Grand Duke Cosimo III of Medici issued a decree with 4 delimited appellations of Tuscany. Name them.

A

Carmignano, Pomino, Chianti, and Valdarno

211
Q

When were the subzones of Chianti created? What is the exception, and when was it added?

A

1932; Montespertoli was added in 1997 – it used to be part of Colli Fiorentini

212
Q

What is invaiatura?

A

Veraison

213
Q

Where is Cortona a DOC, and what is the main grape?

A

Tuscany; Syrah

214
Q

What regions of Italy have no DOCGs?

A

Alto Adige, Trentino, Valle d’Aosta, Liguria, Molise, Calabria

215
Q

What DOC is Morellino di Scansano DOCG mostly within?

A

Maremma DOC

216
Q

What is the current appellation on Vigna del Sorbo?

A

Since 2010, Chianti Classico Gran Selezione

217
Q

Who makes Messorio? What does it mean and what is the cepage?

A

Le Macchiole; “the perfect child”; 100% Merlot

218
Q

What was the first vintage of Paleo Rosso (Le Macchiole)? When did it become 100% Cabernet Franc and what was the cepage before that?

A

1989 to 2001/Mostly Cabernet Sauvignon

219
Q

What Tuscan estate translates to “The House of Endless Negotiations”?

A

Ca’Marcanda

220
Q

Who makes Pian del Ciampolo? What’s the cepage?

A

Montevertine; Sangiovese/Canaiolo/Colorino

221
Q

Where would you find the sub-zone Monti?

A

Gaiole in Chianti Classico

222
Q

Name three producers based in Gaiole in Chianti?

A

Barone Ricasoli, Castello di Ama, i Sodi, La Porta di Vergine, San Giusto a Retennano

223
Q

What can you expect the ABV on a vin santo to be?

A

15.5-17%

224
Q

Name four synonyms for Sangiovese and where they are found.

A

Sangioveto (Chianti)
Sangiovese Grosso/Brunello (Montalcino)
Prugnolo Gentile (Montepulciano)
Morellino (Scansano)

225
Q

What is Ca’Marcanda’s white wine?

A

Vistamare (“Sea View”) – Vermentino/Viognier/Chard/SB

226
Q

What was the first year that Sassicaia carried the Bolgheri DOC on its label?

A

1994; up until then Bolgheri was a DOC for white wine! In 1994, red wine became part of the DOC and Bolgheri Sassicaia was a subzone. Became its own DOC in 2012.

227
Q

Who (and from what winery) is credited with the creation of the Carmignano DOCG?

A

Contini Bonacossi of Capezzana

228
Q

What is the worst vintage of the 21st century so far for Brunello di Montalcino?

A

2002

229
Q

What is Biondi Santi’s Fascia Rossa? When was it made?

A

Fascia Rossa (red stripe) Rosso di Montalcino – declassified BdM. Made in 2002 and 2014.

230
Q

What is agricultura promiscua? What kind of vine training does it traditionally accompany?

A

“Promiscuous agriculture” – interplanting of grape vines next to other crops. Traditionally, grape vines would be planted in pergola, to allow for other crops to be planted below them.

231
Q

Name three producers based in Greve in Chianti?

A

Fontodi, Il Molino di Grace, Querciabella, Villa Calcinaia, Castello di Rampolla

232
Q

What are the parents of Sangiovese?

A

Ciliegiolo x unknown (believed to be Calabrese di Montenuovo, a grape found in Campania, of Calabrian origin)

233
Q

What are the aging requirements for Bolgheri Rosso Superiore? Bolgheri? Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC?

A

Bolgheri Rosso - min. 1 year
Bolgheri Rosso Superiore - min. 2 years, with at least 1 year in oak
Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC - min. 2 years, with at least 18 months in oak

234
Q

What are the subzones of Chianti? Bonus points for naming the provinces of each.

A

Rufina, Colli Fiorentini, Montespertoli (all three in Firenze), Colli Aretini (Arezzo), Colli Senesi (Siena), Colline Pisane (Pisa), Montalbano (Prato, Pistoia, Firenze)

235
Q

In what commune of Chianti Classico is the Tignanello estate?

A

San Casciano Val di Pesa

236
Q

Name the appellation and first vintage of the following wines:

  • Guado al Tasso
  • Paleo Rosso
  • Ornellaia
  • Massetto
  • Sassicaia
  • Guidalberto
  • Promis
A
  • Guado al Tasso: DOC Bolgheri Superiore, 1990
  • Paleo Rosso: IGT Toscana, 1989
  • Ornellaia: DOC Bolgheri Superiore, 1985
  • Massetto: IGT Toscana, 1986
  • Sassicaia: DOC Bolgheri Sassicaia, 1968
  • Guidalberto: Toscana IGT, 2000
  • Promis: Toscana IGT, 1996 (estate purchased)
237
Q

Describe two effects of the Apennine Mountains on Chianti.

A

Provides altitude, which is important for Sangiovese, as well as shields from the cold wind that blows across the north toward Emilia Romagna.

238
Q

What is the furthest north DOCG in Tuscany?

A

Carmignano

239
Q

Who makes L’Eremo? What is the cepage?

A

Isole e Olena –100% Syrah

240
Q

What is Grechetto called in Tuscany?

A

Pulcinculo (“flea in the bottom”)

241
Q

What denomination cannot be used in conjunction with a subzone name in Chianti?

A

Chianti Superiore

242
Q

What are the three primary grapes of Bolgheri Bianco?

A

Vermentino, Sauvignon, and Trebbiano (with a max. of 30% other grapes)

243
Q

What is the coolest subzone of Chianti?

A

Rufina

244
Q

Who was the consulting enologist for Ornellaia?

A

Michel Rolland

245
Q

In what cru of Greve is Sangiovese known as Sangioveto?

A

Lamole

246
Q

Slavonian oak is a sub-species of what? Where is this species found?

A

Quercus robur – found in the Limousin and Balkan forests

247
Q

Name four other grapes authorized for production in Chianti Classico DOC besides Sangiovese?

A

Colorino, Canaiolo Nero, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot

248
Q

Who makes Massetto? What was the first vintage? What is the cepage?

A

Ornellaia; 100% Merlot; 1986 (Massetto is the name of the vineyard in Bolgheri)

249
Q

Where is Sergio Manetti owner’s?

A

Montevertine

250
Q

Name the four original villages of Chianti Classico, clockwise, starting from the northernmost.

A

Greve, Radda, Gaiole, Castellina

251
Q

What are the worst vintages of the 1990s for Brunello di Montalcino?

A

1991, 1992, and 1996

252
Q

Name 5 producers based in Bolgheri.

A

Le Macchiole, Tenuta San Guido, Banfi, Ornellaia, Grattamacco, Ca’Marcanda, Guado al Tasso

253
Q

Who makes “Magari”? From where and what is it?

A

Gaja, Ca’Marcanda. Both terre brune (dark loam/clay) and terre blanche (stone/pepples); Merlot/Cab/Cab Franc

254
Q

In what commune of Chianti Classico are Castello di Monsanto and Isole e Olena based?

A

Barberino Val d’Elsa

255
Q

Who makes Le Serre Nuove? What was the first vintage? What is the cepage?

A

Ornellaia’s second wine; Cab/Cab Franc/Merlot/PV; 1997

256
Q

Name 4 wines made by Ornellaia and the appellation on the label.

A

Ornellaia - Bolgheri Superiore DOC
Serre Nuove - Bolgheri DOC
Le Volta - Toscana IGT
Massetto - Toscana IGT

257
Q

Name two producers of Morellino di Scansano DOCG.

A

La Mozza, Fattoria Le Pupille

258
Q

What is the Alicante of Tuscany?

A

Grenache! Frequently used as a blending partner in Morellino di Scansano.

259
Q

What winery did Piero Palmucci establish in 1989? Who did he sell it to in 2011?

A

Poggio di Sotto; sold to Claudio Tipa of Collemassari and Grattamacco in 2011

260
Q

What is the appellation of Guidalberto?

A

Toscana IGT

261
Q

What are the cepage requirements for Bolgheri Rosso DOC?

A

0-100% Cab, Merlot, or Cab Franc
Max. 50% Syrah
Max. 50% Sangiovese
Max. 30% other grapes

262
Q

What is mezzadria and how does it relate to the development of fine wine production in Italy?

A

Mezzadria is sharecropping; wasn’t outlawed until the 1950s and crippled Italy’s ability to produce quality wine.

263
Q

Name threeproducers of Vino Nobile di Montepulciano?

A

Avignonesi, Il Macchione, Boscarelli

264
Q

Name four factors that might distinguish modernist and traditionalist producers of Brunello di Montalcino.

A
  • barrique usage
  • extraction
  • clonal selection
  • single vineyard bottlings
265
Q

In general, what would you expect in terms of added requirements for a “Riserva” wine vs. a “Superiore” wine?

A

In general, Riserva denotes extended barrel aging, while Superiore denotes higher min. ABV and lower yields (riper grapes).

266
Q

In what year did it become illegal to use white grapes in Chianti Classico DOCG wines? What white grapes were used prior to that? Is it still legal to use white grapes in Chianti DOCG and in what amounts?

A

Trebbiano Toscano, Malvasia; 2006

Yes, up to 10%

267
Q

What are the names of the two different vineyards on Soldera’s estate?

A

Case Basse and Intistieti

268
Q

Where is the Pomino DOC and who are the only producers? How are the regulations different than the surrounding region?

A

Within Rufina; Frescobaldi and Fattoria Selvapiana; higher % of international grapes allowed – min. 50% Sangiovese w/ Pinot Noir and Merlot (max. 50% combined). Varietal wines, white, red, and vin santo also made.

269
Q

When did Gaja acquire its Tuscan estate, and what is it called?

A

1996; Ca’Marcanda

270
Q

Who makes Intistieti and what is it?

A

Intistieti is one of the vineyards on Soldera’s estate. He has come to use the name, though, not to reflect vineyard origin but to denote a wine that spends less time in barrel. Intistieti was made in 1985, 1987, 1988, 1991, and 1992. Labeled as Vino da Tavola.

271
Q

What are the main differences between Vin Santo del Chianti DOC and Vin Santo del Chianti Classico DOC?

A

Chianti DOC – has a Riserva designation, min. 70% Trebbiano Toscano and/or Malvasia; Occhio di Pernice is min. 50% Sangiovese

Chianti Classico DOC – no Riserva designation, min. 60% Trebbiano Toscana; Occhio di Pernice is min. 80% Sangiovese. Higher potential alcohol and lower acquired.

272
Q

Where would you find the fraziones Montefioralle and Ruffoli?

A

Greve in Chianti

273
Q

Name three synonyms for Trebbiano di Toscana.

A

Passerina – Marche
Procanico – Umbria
Ugni Blanc – France

274
Q

What are the aging requirements for Rosso di Montalcino DOC?

A

Min. 1 year before release (no oak required)

275
Q

Where is Vernaccia a red grape?

A

Marche; Vernaccia di Serrapetrona DOCG

276
Q

Where is the conca d’oro?

A

Greve in Chianti Classico – “golden valley” – amphitheater of ideal southern facing slopes

277
Q

Who makes Madonna del Piano?

A

Valdicava; their single vineyard BdM

278
Q

Where is Poggio Civitella?

A

The highest point in Brunello di Montalcino.

CMS Advanced Somm Old (42 decks)

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