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Neurology Year 3 > Tumours > Flashcards

Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general presenting complaints of someone with a brain tumour?

A

Progressive neurological deficit
Motor weakness
Headache
Seizures

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2
Q

Describe the headache related to a brain tumour

A

Worse in the morning or upon coughing

Linked with vomiting

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3
Q

Which cells are the most common cause of brain tumours?

A

Neurepithelial

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4
Q

How are astrocytic tumours graded?

A

I - Benign
II - Astrocytomall
III - Malignant
IV - V. Malignant

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5
Q

Describe a Grade I Astrocytic tumour.

A

Truly benign slow going

Well encapsulated

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6
Q

How can a Grade I Astrocytic tumour present?

A

Hydrocephalus
Tip Toe gate
Slow mental development

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7
Q

What is the most common Astrocytic tumour in children?

A

Pilocytic Astrocytoma - generally arising in the cerebellum.

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8
Q

Describe how a Pilocytic Astrocytoma may appear in radiology.

A

Well Circumscribed
Contrast enhancing
Often cystic mass

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9
Q

For Grade I Astrocytic tumours what is the treatment of choice?

A

Surgery is usually curative

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10
Q

What is the general presentation of someone with as Grade II Astrocytic Tumour?

A

Focal deficit
Raised ICP
Altered Consciousness
Short duration of symptoms

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11
Q

Give an example of a Grade II Astrocytic Tumour?

A

Astrocytoma

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12
Q

Describe an Atrocytoma.

A

Poorly defined Invasive
Appears histologically little different from normal.
No contrast enhancement

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13
Q

What is the prognosis for someone with an astrocytoma?

A

Generally poor in the longterm as will continue to grow even with surgical resection.

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14
Q

What is the treatment for Grade II Astrocytic tumours?

A

Surgery + Chemotherapy + Radiotherapy

Not curative the tumour will grow back slowly requires monitoring

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15
Q

What differentiates a Grade III from a Grade II Astrocytic tumour.

A

More invasive faster growing increased mitosis

Contrast enhancing on MRI

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16
Q

Give an example of a Grade III Astrocytic Tumour.

A

Anaplastic Astrocytoma

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17
Q

Describe an Anaplastic Astrocytoma

A

Poorly defined low density mass presenting with some contrast enhancement on MRI

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18
Q

Prognosis for an Anaplastic Astrocytoma

A

Median is 2 years

19
Q

Treatment for Grade III Astrocytic Tumours.

A

Surgery + Chemotherapy + Radiotherapy

20
Q

What is the most common Grade IV Astrocytic tumour?

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

21
Q

Describe a glioblastoma multiforme.

A

Very aggressive poorly differentiated tumour with evidence of new vessel growth brain tissue destruction and necrosis.

22
Q

How do glioblastoma multiforme commonly appear on MRI?

A

Contrast enhancing - ring pattern is present

Surrounded by darker area of oedema

23
Q

If multiple Glioblastoma multiforme are present what could be behind this?

A

Neurofibromatosis

Tuberose sclerosis

24
Q

What is the prognosis for Glioblastoma Multiforme?

A

Very poor months at most

25
Q

What is the treatment for Glioblastoma Multiforme?

A

Treatment is to improve quality of survival
Reducing the mass effect
Surgery Chemotherapy Radiotherapy

26
Q

What is the medial survival of someone with a Oligodendroglial tumour?

A

10 years

27
Q

If someone presents with a diffusely invasive tumour calcified cysts Microvascular growth and haemorrhage in the frontal lobes what is it likely to be?

A

Oligodendroglial tumour.

28
Q

How does a oligodendroglial tumour present on imaging?

A

A well demarcated hypodense or isodense lesion

Possible calcification and cystic appearance

29
Q

What is the treatment for an oligondedroglial tumour?

A

Chemotherapy

Surgery

30
Q

What are the presenting symptoms of someone with a meningioma?

A

Headache

Cranial Nevre Neuropathies

31
Q

Wha grade are most meningiomas?

A

Generally Benign Grade I

32
Q

List some aggressive grade III meningiomas.

A

Chordoid
Rhabdoid
Papillary

33
Q

If a tumour presents with hearing loss tinnitus and balance issues what could it be?

A

Acoustic neuroma

34
Q

List some other tumours affecting the CNS and the brain.

A

Schwannomas
Neurofibromas
Malignant peripheral sheath tumour.

35
Q

Secondary tumours are far more common than primary within the brain.

A

True

36
Q

Where are the most common sites of origin for malignant secondary tumours?

A 
Breast
Bronchus
Kidney
Thyroid
Colon
Melanomas
37
Q

Generally how are primary tumours graded?

A

Neovascularision Necrosis and Mitosis

38
Q

Why are benign non invasive tumours still worrying?

A

As they can still kill via mass effect and oedema swell as the increased risk of haemorrhage.

39
Q

What is the most common benign tumour in children?

A

Craniopharyngioma

40
Q

What is the most common malignant tumour in children?

A

Medulloblastoma

41
Q

Where do medulloblastomas usually present?

A

Often in the midline

42
Q

If it occurs in the midline what can be a common presentation of a medulloblastoma?

A

Hydrocephalus as disrupts CSF flow

43
Q

Upon observation what does a medulloblastoma appear like?

A

Poorly differentiated

44
Q

What is the treatment for a medullablastoma?

A

Very radiosensitive so surgery + radiotherapy

Neurology Year 3 (29 decks)

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