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Neurology Year 3 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS called?

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

What is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS called?

A

Ganglion

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3
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Transport signal towards cell body

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4
Q

What do axons do?

A

Transport signals away from the cell body

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5
Q

What cells produce the myelin sheath in the PNS?

A

Schwaan cells

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6
Q

What cells produce the myelin sheath in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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7
Q

What neuronss are usually motor polar?

A

Motor efferent

Skeletal muscles

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8
Q

What neurons are usually unipolar?

A

Sensory afferent

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9
Q

Where is the cell body located in unipolar neurons?

A

PNS

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10
Q

Where is the cell body located in multipolar neurons?

A

CNS

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11
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundles of neurons surrounded by connective tissue and blood vessels.

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12
Q

What are the two types of nerves?

A

Single or mixed modality

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13
Q

What does it mean to be a mixed modality nerve?

A

Mixture of somatic motor somatic sensory and sympathetic grouped together.

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14
Q

Sympathetic outflow is…

A

Thoracolumbar T1 to L2

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15
Q

Where are sympathetic cell bodies located ?

A

Lateral Horn

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16
Q

Upon leaving the spinal column where do the sympathetic neurons pass?

A

Anterior Rami
Spinal Nerve
White Rami
Sympathetic Trunk

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17
Q

What are the four routes presynaptic axons take in the sympathetic trunk?

A
  1. Ascend then synapse
  2. Synapse at level of entry
  3. Descend and then synapse
  4. Pass through sympathetic trunk to synapse at prevertebral ganglia.
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18
Q

If a sympathetic nerve synapses within the sympathetic trunk it…

A

Synapses at paravertebral ganglia

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19
Q

If a sympathetic nerve synapses outside of the sympathetic trunk it….

A

Synapses at prevertebral ganglia

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20
Q

What make up spinal nerves?

A

Somatic motor sensory and sympathetic neurones

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21
Q

In order to supply abdominopelvic organs where do sympathetic neurones synapse?

A

Prevertebral ganglia

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22
Q

List the 4 Prevertebral ganglia associated with the abdominopelvic organs?

A

Celiac Ganglion
Aorticorenal ganglion
Superior Mesenteric Ganglion
Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion

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23
Q

Roughly where does the celiac ganglion innovate?

A

Foregut

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24
Q

Roughly where does the aorticorenal ganglion innovate?

A

Kidneys

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25
Q

Roughly where does the SMG innovate?

A

Midgut

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26
Q

Roughly where does the IMG innovate?

A

Hindgut

Pelvic and Perineal plexus

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27
Q

Where do sympathetic neurones directly synapse onto the target organ?

A

Adrenal Medulla on the kidney

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28
Q

Parasympathetic output is….

A

Craniosacral

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29
Q

What cranial nerves are parasympathetic?

A

CN III Oculomotor
CN VII Facial
CN IX Glossopharyngeal
CN X Vagus

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30
Q

At 4 weeks what are the three layers that make up the neuro system?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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31
Q

What does the prosencephalon develop into?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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32
Q

What does the telencephalon become?

A

Cerebral Hemisphere

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33
Q

What does the Diencephalon become?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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34
Q

What does the Mesencephalon become in the developed brain?

A

Midbrain pons and medula

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35
Q

What does the rhombencephalon develop into?

A

Metencephalon

Mylencephalon

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36
Q

The mesencephalon and mylencephalon form which parts of the fully developed brain?

A

Midbrain

Pons

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37
Q

What are the four types of glial cells

A

Atrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal

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38
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star shaped

Maintain the Blood Brain Barrier

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39
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Produce myelin sheath within the CNS

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40
Q

Microglia

A

Similar function to macrophages

Found in an inactive state

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41
Q

Ependymal

A

Ciliated cuboidal epithelium that line the ventricles

Not the BBB

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42
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

Lumps

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43
Q

What is a fissure?

A

A deep invagination

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44
Q

What are sulci?

A

Furrows/ Grooves

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45
Q

Within the brain what is grey matter?

A

Lines the outside

Huge number of neurones cell bodies synapses etc

46
Q

Within the brain what is the white matter?

A

Medullary centre

Axons mostly myelinated

47
Q

What forms the thalamus and why is this interesting?

A

Grey matter
Located within the brain
Think the brain is a folded tube

48
Q

What is different about the spinal chord?

A

Grey matter forms the centre and is surrounded by white matter.

49
Q

What separates the parietal and frontal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

50
Q

What separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

A

Parieto occipital sulcus

51
Q

What separates the occipital from the cerebelum?

A

Preoccipital notch

52
Q

What are the three meningeal layers?

A

Dura Matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia Matter

53
Q

Dura Matter

A

Tough outer layer

54
Q

Arachnoid Matter

A

Middle layer

Sub arachnoid space contains CSF

55
Q

Pia Matter

A

Directly attached to surface of the brain

Shiny appearance as few cells thick

56
Q

How many ventricles are there?

A

4
2 x lateral
3rd
4th

57
Q

What connects the two lateral and the third ventricles?

A

Interventricular foramen

58
Q

What connects the third to the fourth ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

59
Q

What two plexus make up the enteric nervous system?

A

Myenteric plexus

Submucosal plexus

60
Q

Where would you find the enteric nervous system?

A

Digestive system

61
Q

Where would you find the myenteric plexus?

A

Between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers

62
Q

Where would you find the submucosal plexus?

A

Located within the mucosa

63
Q

What major blood vessel supplies the anterior portion of the brain?

A

Interior carotid arteries

64
Q

Upon entering the brain what vessels do the internal carotids form?

A

Anterior Cerebral arteries

Middle Cerebral arteries

65
Q

The two intervertebral arteries combine in the brain to from what?

A

Basilar arteries

66
Q

What does the basilar artery form?

A

Posterior cerebral arteries

67
Q

What small vessels connect the anterior of the circle of willis to the posterior?

A

Posterior communicating artery

68
Q

How are sinuses formed?

A

Separation of the two layers of dura matter.

69
Q

What are the two layers of dura?

A

Periosteal faces the bone

Meningeal

70
Q

What vessels drains blood from the brain?

A

Cerebral veins

71
Q

The cerebral veins empty into…

A

Superior or inferior sagittal sinus

72
Q

Where is the confluence of the two sinuses?

A

Midline of the internal occipital protuberance

73
Q

Where do the sinuses empty into?

A

Internal jugular vein

74
Q

In which meningeal layer does the circle of willis sit within?

A

Sub arachnoid space

Its bathed in CSF

75
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A 
31 
8 Cervical
12 Thorasic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal
76
Q

Why are there 8 cervical nerves but only 7 vertebrae?

A

Cervical nerves originate superiorly to the vertebrae and then at 7 they start originating inferiorly.

77
Q

Where is the only spinal nerves are found?

A

Within the intervertebral foramina

78
Q

Posterior Rootlets have what modality?

79
Q

Anterior rootlets have what modality?

A

Motor and sympathetic

80
Q

What does the posterior rami supply?

A

Posterior body wall

81
Q

What does the anterior rami supply?

A

Anterolateral body wall

82
Q

Spinal meninges are continuous with cranial? T/F

A

True pass through the foramen magnum

83
Q

What suspends the spinal canal within the spine?

A

Denticulate ligaments - formed of pial and arachnoid tissue

84
Q

White matter within the spinal chord

A

Longitudianlly orientated nerve fibres, glial cells and blood vessels.

85
Q

Grey matter within the spinal chord

A

Neuronal cell process synapses glial cells and blood vessels.

86
Q

What forms the columns and what divides them?

A

White matter

Horns of grey matter divide it up

87
Q

How do posterior horns help to determine the orientation of a specimen?

A

Posterior horns extend to almost the border. They are much longer.

88
Q

What differentiates the spinal column between T1 - L2?

A

They have a lateral horn made up of preganglionic sympathetic neurones

89
Q

What artery supplies the anterior portion of the spine running down the length anteriorly?

A

Anterior spinal artery

90
Q

What arteries supply the posterior portion of the spine?

A

2 x posterior spinal artery

91
Q

What spinal arteries are derived from intercostal or lumbar arteries?

A

Segmental arteries

92
Q

What arteries supply the anterior and posterior rootlets?

93
Q

What ligament connects the tips of the spinous process ?

A

Supraspinous Ligaments

94
Q

Which ligament connects the inferior and superior surfaces of adjacent spinous process?

A

Interspinous Ligaments

95
Q

Which ligament prevents over extension of the spine?

A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

96
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Broad and strong it helps support the discs

97
Q

Which ligament prevents over flexion of the spine?

A

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

98
Q

What is the strong outer layer of the intervertebral discs?

A

Annulous Firbrous

99
Q

What is the softer inner layer that cushions the vertebrae?

A

Nucleus Pulposus

100
Q

Where do synovial joints between adjacent vertebrae attach?

A

Superior Articular Process

101
Q

Where do the ribs articulate with the vertebrae?

A

Transverse Process

102
Q

What are three regions of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior - smaller
Posterior - larger
Floculonodular - runs interiorly

103
Q

What attaches the cerebellum to the brain stem?

A

Three peduncles
Superior
Middle - largest
Inferior

104
Q

Small bumps on the cerebellum are referred to as what?

105
Q

What are the small cuts into the surface of the cerebellum called?

106
Q

What is the function of the floculonodular node?

A

Coordinates the input from the vestibular system

107
Q

What are the three cell layers of the grey matter within the cerebellum?

A

Molecular
Purkinje
Granule

108
Q

What is the job of the Purkinje layer within the grey mater of the cerebellum?

A

Transport afferent inputs

109
Q

What is the Arbor Vitea?

A

White matter of the cerebellum

110
Q

Where is the grey matter located in the cerebellum?

A

Superficially and the dentate nuclei located deep to the arbor vitea.

111
Q

Where does the spinal chord end?

A

Conus Medullaris us found roughly L1-L2

Neurology Year 3 (29 decks)

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