Space Occupying Lesions

Question 1

What forms the roof over the pituitary fossa?

Answer 1

Diaphragm Sellae

Question 2

What lays over the cerebellum separating it from the cerebrum?

Answer 2

Tentorium Cerebelli

Question 3

What midline structure seperates the left and right cerebral hemispheres running from the ethmoid bone to the posterior occipital protuberance?

Answer 3

Falx cerebri

Question 4

What is hydrocephalus?

Answer 4

Excessive Production, obstruction or inadequate resorption of CSF.

Question 5

Extradural haemorrhage

Answer 5

Between bone and dura

Question 6

Extradural can also be known as?

Answer 6

Epidural

Question 7

What artery if ruptured commonly results in an extradural haemorrhage?

Answer 7

Middle Meningeal Artery

Question 8

Subdural Haemorrhage

Answer 8

Between the dura and arachnoid matter

Question 9

What if ruptured commonly results in a subdural haemorrhage?

Answer 9

Cerebral veins - falls in the elderly

Question 10

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

Answer 10

Bleed into the CSF of the subarachnoid space

Question 11

What if ruptured would lead to a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

Answer 11

Circle of willis or congenital aneurysm

Question 12

A single abscess is likely to be due to?

Answer 12

Local extension e.g mastoiditis dental infection

Direct Implantaion e.g. skull fracture

Question 13

List some causes of a local extension abscess.

Answer 13

Mastoiditis
Chronic ottitis media
Paranasal sinusitis
Dental infection

Question 14

Multiple abscesses are usually due to.

Answer 14

Haematogenous spread.

Bronchiectasis, Endocarditis, IV drug abuse

Question 15

What do abscesses look like?

Answer 15

Central Necrosis and a fibrous capsule

Surrounded by oedema

Question 16

How is an Abscess diagnosed?

Answer 16

CT MRI

Aspiration for culture and treatment

Question 17

What is the golden rule of trauma?

Answer 17

Smaller the contact time the larger the force is applied.

Question 18

What is the primary damage in brain trauma?

Answer 18

Irreversible injury to neurones

Question 19

Is primary damage treatable?

Answer 19

No it is only preventable through safety measures like wearing a helmet etc

Question 20

What is secondary damage in brain trauma?

Answer 20

Potentially treatable haemorrhage oedema etc

Question 21

Why do Skalp lesions present an issue?

Answer 21

As they can present route of entry for infection

Question 22

If a skull fracture is straight and sharp it is a…

Answer 22

Linear fracture

Question 23

If a linear fracture crosses a suture it is known as a..

Answer 23

Diastatic

Question 24

Compound fractures are associated with…

Answer 24

Full thickness lacerations

Question 25

Base of skull fractures are all....

Answer 25

Compound fractures

Question 26

Depressed fractures present a risk because..

Answer 26

They allow direct infection of the brain

Question 27

Surface contusion and laceration of the brain is due to..

Answer 27

Compression of brain tissue | Basically bruising of the brain tissue

Question 28

What areas of the brain are most commonly affected by contusion?

Answer 28

Lateral surfaces of the hemispheres | Underneath the temporal and frontal lobes

Question 29

Contra coup is what?

Answer 29

Contusion to the brain on the opposite side to the trauma.

Question 30

Contracoup involves less force than Coup.

Answer 30

False it involves more force an CSF has shifted to side of trauma thus reducing cushioning. Damage is worse.

Question 31

Coup is what?

Answer 31

Contusion to the brain tissue of the side of the trauma.

Question 32

When does diffuse axonal injury occur?

Answer 32

At the moment of injury

Question 33

Why does diffuse axonal injury occur?

Answer 33

Shearing forces transect neurones

Question 34

What is the affect of diffuse axonal injury?

Answer 34

Reduced Consciousness and coma

Question 35

A traumatic extradural haemotoma is usually due to what?

Answer 35

Tempero-Parietal Fracture | Tearing Middle Meningeal artery

Question 36

What is the timeline in extradural haemorrhage ?

Answer 36

Acutely - very little damage | Chronic - Midline shift compression and herniation

Question 37

Acute subdural haematoma due to stretching of the bridging veins is not a medical emergency. T/F

Answer 37

False it has a 60% fatality rate

Question 38

How will a chronic subdural haematoma will appear on examination?

Answer 38

Liquefied blood and yellow tinged fluid forming a pseudomembrane.

Question 39

What will someone with a Subarachnoid haemorrhage present with?

Answer 39

Sever thunderclap headache | Loss of consciousness

Question 40

Why would someone with a subarachnoid haemorrhage present with a thunderclap headache?

Answer 40

Irritation of the meninges - supplied by the facial nerve

Question 41

A subarachnoid haemorrhage will show what on initial CT scan?

Answer 41

Blood in the basal cisterns