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Principles of Disease > Tumour Pathology > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tumour?

A

An abnormal growing mass of tissue

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2
Q

What are the two types of tumour?

A

Benign and malignant

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3
Q

When do benign cancers cause problems?

A

When they appear near a vital organ

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4
Q

Name a glandular, benign epithelial tumour?

A

Adenoma

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5
Q

Name a malignant white blood cell tumour?

A

Leukaemia

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6
Q

Name a malignant lymphoid tissue tumour?

A

Lymphoma

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7
Q

When are onco-fetal proteins normally present?

A

During fetal development

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8
Q

Onco-fetal proteins can also be switched on when?

A

In tumours

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9
Q

What is CEA used as a biomarker for?

A

Colon cancer

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10
Q

What is Her2 used as a biomarker for?

A

Breast Cancer

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11
Q

WHat is alpha-fetoprotein used a biomarker for?

A

Teratoma of testis

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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12
Q

What is tumour morphology?

A

What tumours look like microscopically

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13
Q

What do cancer cells show a variation in?

A

Size and shapes

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14
Q

What is tumour growth a balance between?

A

Cell growth and death

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15
Q

What is tumour angiogenesis?

A

New blood vessel formation by tumours

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16
Q

What do more blood vessels provide a route for?

A

Release of tumour cells into circulation

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17
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Mechanims of programmed single cell death

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18
Q

What does apoptosis regulate?

A

Tumour growth

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19
Q

What is the major clinical problem of cancer?

A

Formation of metastatic tumouts?

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20
Q

What are metastatic tumours?

A

Secondary tumours

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21
Q

Where is a good environment for tumours to grow in terms of lymphatics?

A

The lymph node

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22
Q

What is the spread of tumour cells across body cavities called?

A

Trans-coelomic spread

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23
Q

What are the 5 common sites of metastasis?

A 
Liver
Lung
Brain
Bone
Adrenal Gland
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24
Q

What are 4 uncommon sites of metastasis?

A

Spleen
Kidney
Skeletal muscle
Heart

25
Q

Name the 2 local effects of benign tumours

A

Pressure and Obstruction

26
Q

What is the local effect produced by growing structure of a tumour?

A

Pressure

27
Q

What can bleeding from a malinant tumour lead to?

A

Anaemia

Haemorrhage

28
Q

What are the 2 types of secretion of hormones from malignant tumours?

A

Normal

Abnormal

29
Q

What is abnormal secretion of hormones in malignant tumours?

A

Hormone production on organs that don’t normally produce hormones

30
Q

What can ADH secretion lead to being spotted?

A

Lung Cancer

31
Q

Which syndromes cannot be explained by local or metastatic effects of tumours?

A

Paraneoplastic syndromes

32
Q

What is neuropathy?

A

Abnormality of the nerve

33
Q

What is myopathy?

A

Abnormalities of the muscle

34
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

A pre-malignant change

35
Q

Where is dysplasia identified?

A

Epithelium

36
Q

What can dysplasia progress to?

A

Cancer

37
Q

What does high grading dysplasia mean??

A

Very close to becoming a cancer

38
Q

What is the difference between dysplastic and cancerous cells?

A

Dysplastic cells show no evidence of invasion

39
Q

Give an example of a dysplasia identification test?

A

Cervical cancer screening

40
Q

Where are dysplastic cells detected?

A

Squamous epithelium of cervix

41
Q

What is mitosis a mechanism of?

A

Cellular respiration

42
Q

What is the cell cycle defined as?

A

The time interval between mitotic divisions

43
Q

What are the 3 steps involved in interphase?

A

G1
S
G2

44
Q

Neurons and heart muscles are permanently in what stage?

A

G0 stage

45
Q

During the G1 stage, what happens to the cell?

A

It increases in size

46
Q

What occurs in stage S?

A

DNA replication

47
Q

If the nutrient supply is inadequate, where is the cell cycle arrested?

A

G1

48
Q

What does the G1 checkpoint ensure?

A

That everything is ready for DNA synthesis

49
Q

What does the G2 checkpoint ensure?

A

Everything is ready to enter the M phase

50
Q

Which molecule activates CDK?

A

Cyclin D

51
Q

What is the active form of retinoblastoma?

A

Rb (hypophosphorylated)

52
Q

If Rb is active, what does it inactive?

A

E2F

53
Q

What is E2F a potent stimulator of?

A

Entry into the cell cycle

54
Q

What inactivates Rb?

A

CDKs adding a phosphate

55
Q

During CHEMICAL carcinogenesis, purine and pyrimidine bases are critically damaged by what?

A

Oxidising agents

Alkylating agents

56
Q

DNA adducts are formed when DNA reacts with what?

A

Chemical carcinogens

57
Q

During RADIATION carcinogenesis, purine and pyrimidine bases are targets for what?

A

Radiation damage

58
Q

In what type of cells do p53 levels increase?

A

Damaged cells

Principles of Disease (21 decks)

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