Meiosis and Mitosis Flashcards
When is the chromosome especially linear?
During metaphase
What are the specialised structures at the end of the chromosomes called?
Telomeres
Name the two major types of chromatin
Euchromatin and heterochromatin
Where is active DNA stored?
Euchromatin
What can help stop the end-replication problem in DNA?
Telomerase
What is the longest stage of the cell cycle?
G1 stage
Which stage of the cell cycle does replication take place?
The S stage (synthesis stage)
When, in mitosis, do the chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?
Anaphase
What is the process of separating the cytoplasm called?
Cytokinesis
What are spindle fibres are made of?
Microtubules
What is a kinetochore?
Protein complex that binds to microtubules
Which type of DNA is used for DNA fingerprinting?
Minisatellite DNA
What is DNA packaged with to form chromatin?
Histone proteins
What structure do the nucleosomes form?
Solenoid structure
What charge does DNA have?
Negative charge
What arm is the shorter arm of the chromosome?
The p arm
What arm is the longer arm of the chromosome?
The q arm
Give the definition of the karyotype
Number and visual appearance of chromosomes
What happens during FISH?
The DNA is labelled with fluorescent dye
What cell division occurs in germ cells?
Meiosis
In what meiotic division do sisters chromatids separate?
2nd
What is oogenesis?
Process of egg formation
What is spermatogenesis?
Process of sperm formation
Why is there more of a chance of mutation in sperm than ova?
Sperms go through more cell divisions than eggs do
What are the 3 types of chromosomal abnormality?
Numerical, Structural and mutational
How does structural chromosomal abnormality occur?
Changes in morphology
How does numerical chromosomal abnormality occur?
Number of chromosomes isn’t normal
How does mutational chromosomal abnormality occur?
Specific DNA sequences have been altered
What is the syndrome where one X is missing? ie 45, X
Turner Syndrome
Trisomy 21 is linked to what chromosomal abnormality?
Downs syndrome
Trisomy 13 is linked to what chromosomal abnormality?
Patau syndrome
Trisomy 18 is linked to what chromosomal abnormality?
Edwards syndrome
What is robertsonian translocation?
Two chromosomes fused but no genetic info lost
Name 5 structural abnormalities
Rearrangements Translocations Deletions Insertions Inversions
Name the 3 stages of PCR
Denaturation
Annealing
Extension
How does gel electrophoresis separate DNA fragments?
By size
