Tumour Pathology 3

Question 1

What are two local effects of benign tumours?

Answer 1

Pressure
Obstruction
Can be both.
If tumour is next to hollow structure it can be pushed in.
There is danger if it is growing next to vital structures.

Question 2

What are some local effects of malignant tumours?

Answer 2

Pressure
Obstruction
Tissue destruction such as ulceration or infection
Bleeding like anaemia which is slow bleeding from the tumour or haemorrhage which is the tumour invading into a large blood vessel(arteriolar)

Question 3

What are some systemic effects of malignant tumours?

Answer 3

Weight loss/cancer cachexia
Secretion of hormones which are normal or abnormal
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Effects of treatment

Question 4

What is normal hormone production by tumours?

Answer 4

Produced by tumours of an endocrine organ and the normal hormone is produced but there are abnormal secretion levels.

Question 5

What is abnormal hormone production by tumours?

Answer 5

They are produced by tumours in an organ that don’t usually produce hormones.
Such as ACTH and ADH in lung cancer.

Question 6

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

Answer 6

They cannot be explained by local or metastatic effects of tumours such as neuropathy or myopathy.
Could be caused by immune mechanism or production of hormone/growth factor.

Question 7

What are two names for pre-invasive stage detection?

Answer 7

Dysplasia

Intraepithelial neoplasia

Question 8

What is dysplasia?

Answer 8

Premalignant change which is the earliest change in process that can be visualised.
Identified in epithelium and there is no invasion but can progress to cancer.
Can have or low grade dysplasia depending on how near to cancer or not.

Question 9

What is cervical screening?

Answer 9

Detection of dysplastic cells from squamous epithelium of cervix.