Classification Of Pathogenic Bacteria Flashcards
What is the difference in structure of the wall in gram negative and positive bacteria?
Gram positive have a thick layer of peptidoglycan.
Gram negative have a much thinner layer and also have a lipoprotein layer and LPS antigen.
Describe the two major sections of the gram positive bacteria and the shapes of the bacteria
Aerobic bacteria come in chains (strep and entero) and clusters (staph) it cocci and small or large of bacilli.
Anaerobic have cocci or bacilli
What test can you do on staphylococcus to further differentiate them?
The coagulase Test to see if staphylococci are coagulase positive or negative.
Is staphylococcus aureus coagulase negative or positive, where is it found, what does it cause and what is it resistant to?
It is a coagulase positive and is a commensal organism found in the nose, axilla and perineum.
It causes a wide range of diseases such as septicaemia, soft tissue infections, boils/abscesses and osteomyelitis.
It is commonly resistant to penicillin due to penicillinase but some strains are also now resistant to methicillin resistant.
Name some coagulase negative bacteria and what they do
Staphylococcus epidemidis, haemolyticus and saprophyticus.
Staphylococcus lugdunensis has similar properties to staphylococcus aureus.
They are mainly skin commensals and they form biofilms and may be significant pathogens in the presence of foreign bodies (prosthetics etc).
What are the three classes of Gram positive streptococci?
Alpha haemolytic is partial haemolytic and turns the blood agar green.
Beta haemolytic is complete haemolytic and turns it clear.
Non haemolytic.
Name two alpha haemolytic streptococci and what they cause
Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause pneumonia, meningitis and septicaemia.
Viridans streptococci have many different species and are normal oral flora but can cause infective endocarditis (heart valve infection).
How are beta haemolytic streptococci further classified?
In groups A-G.
A,B,F and D clinically most important.
Name a Group A streptococci and what diseases it causes
Streptococcus pyogenes causes pharyngitis, cellulitis and necrotising fasciitis.
Name a Group B streptococci and what diseases it causes
Streptococcus agalactiae causes neonatal sepsis such as meningitis and bacteraemia. Around 25% of women carry it in their genital tract.
Also responsible for invasive infections in adults usually associated with another morbidity.
Name a Group D streptococci and what it causes
Enterococci such as faecalis and faecium. They’re often non-haemolytic and found in the gut as a normal commensal.
They cause UTIs and infective endocarditis.
Name an anaerobic type of gram positive bacteria
Clostridium difficile, perfringens and tetani.
Where is clostridium difficile found and what does it cause?
It is asymptomatically carried in the gut in healthy people-3% of adults and 66% of babies.
Toxins of it cause diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. It is increased with antibiotic use that affects other flora.
Where is clostridium perfringens found and what can it cause?
It is found in the soil and is a normal commensal in human and animal faeces.
Can contaminate food and cause gastroenteritis from enterotoxin producing strains. It can also infect wounds and cause gas gangrene.
What does clostridium tetani cause?
Toxin production causes tetanus which causes muscle spasm due to loss of inhibition at neuromuscular junction.
Name three gram negative cocci
Neisseria meningitidis and gonorrhoea, and moraxella catarrhalis.
What do the neisseria species cause?
Meningitidis causes meningitis and septicaemia.
Gonorrhoeae causes urethritis in men and pelvic inflammatory diseases in women.
What moraxella catarrhalis cause?
It is a causative agent of respiratory tract infection especially to those with underlying lung pathology.
What are coliforms?
They’re organisms that belong to enterobacteriaceae family.
Where is the coliform Escherichia coli found and what does it cause?
It is found in human and animal reservoirs. It has several virulence mechanisms. It ferments lactose.
It causes UTIs.
Enterotoxegenic E. coli causes travellers diarrhoea.
Enterohaemorrhagic E. Coli causes bloody diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
What do the coliforms salmonella enterica and typhoon cause?
Enterica causes self limiting enterocolitis with/out bloody diarrhoea. It can be invasive and enter the bloodstream.
Typhi causes typhoid fever so fever and constipation.
Name three other coliform types and what they cause
Shigella causes diarrhoea and dysentery.
Klebsiella causes UTI and hospital acquired pneumonia.
Proteus causes UTI commonly associated with stones.
What is campylobacter spp and what does it cause?
It’s a curved gram negative bacillus. It causes bacterial diarrhoea.
What is helicobacter pylori, where is it found and what does it cause?
It is a curved curved gram negative bacillus found in the human stomach. It damages mucosa and causes ulcers. There is a strong risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma.
What is haemophilus influenzae and what does it cause?
It is a cocci-bacilli so has mixed appearance.
It causes respiratory tract infections and the capsulate form B was formerly a cause of meningitis in children.
Where are pseudomonas found and what can they cause?
They are a water and soil coloniser and can cause hospital acquired sepsis (UTI, bacteraemia and pneumonia). They are a feared respiratory pathogen in cystic fibrosis.
Name three types of gram negative anaerobes
Bacteriodes spp
Prevotella
Parphyromanas
What does bacteriodes fragilis cause and where is it found?
It is part of the normal colonic flora and can cause intra abdominal abscess. It can spread to other sites.
Name four types of oral anaerobes and what they can cause
Prevotella
Porphyromanas
Pasteurella spp
Capnocytophyga spp
Can cause periodontal disease and polymicrobial dental abscesses.
They have a role in aspiration pneumonia and human and animal bite infections.
Name three types of bacteria that can’t be stained using the gram method.
Mycobacterium spp
Spirochaetes
Chlamydia/chlamydophilia
How are mycobacterium visualised?
They are stained with Ziehl Neelson or Auramine as they are acid and alcohol fast bacteria.
What bacteria (neither gram negative or positive) causes tuberculosis ?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What bacteria (neither gram negative or positive) causes leprosy?
Mycobacterium leprae
What are spirochaetes?
They are long spiral shaped bacteria that are very difficult to culture so are usually diagnosed by serology.
What are three spirochaetes and what do they cause?
Treponema pallidum causes syphilis.
Borrelia burgdorfrei causes lymes disease.
Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis.
