Acute Inflammation 2 Flashcards
What is the difference between pneumonia and pneumonitis?
Pneumonitis is inflammation of the tissue of the lung.
Pneumonia is inflammation of the air spaces of the lungs.
What do neutrophils do in acute inflammation?
They are mobile phagocytes. They recognise foreign antigens, move towards it (chemotaxis) and adhere to the organisms.
The granules possess oxidants and enzymes such as proteases and they can release granules into phagosomes to destroy foreign bodies. They destroy themselves when they do this.
What plasma proteins are involved in acute inflammation and what do they do?
Fibrinogen is a coagulation factor that forms Fibrin and clots exudate to localise the inflammatory process.
Immunoglobulins do a humoral response in plasma specific antigen.
What are effects of mediators of acute inflammation?
Vasodilation Increased permeability Neutrophil adhesion Chemotaxis Itch and pain
Name a cell surface mediator that appears on endothelial cells to help adhesion
ICAM-1 help neutrophils stick.
How does histamine work?
It’s preformed in mast cells.
It’s released as a result of a local injury or an IgE reactions (allergy).
It causes vasodilation and increased permeability.
Acts via H1 receptors on endothelial cells.
What molecule opposes the action of histamine?
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) is preformed in platelets and is released when platelets degranulate in coagulation. They vasoconstrict.
What are four enzyme cascades and what do they do?
Blood coagulation pathways clots fibrinogen in exudate.
Fibrinolysis breaks down Fibrin and helps maintain the blood supply.
Kinin system causes pain by bradykinin.
Complement cascade ties inflammation in with the immune system.
What are some immediate systemic effects of inflammation?
Pyrexia from endogenous pyrogens from white cells acting centrally.
Feel unwell such as malaise, anorexia and nausea.
Neutrophilia so a raised WBC count as the bone marrow produces and releases them.
What are some long term systemic effects of inflammation?
Lymphadenopathy is regional lymph node enlargement.
Weight loss.
Anaemia.
What is supparation?
Pus formation from dead tissue and organisms, exudate and neutrophils etc.
Pyogenic membrane surrounds pus to wall it off (capillary sprouts, neutrophils and fibroblasts).
What is empyema and pyaemia?
Empyema is pus in a hollow viscous such as the gall bladder or pleural cavity.
Pyaemia is pus discharged to the bloodstream.
What is organisation?
Healing and repair.
Leads to fibrosis and formation of a scar.
From granulation tissue.
What is granulation tissue formed from?
New capillaries
Fibroblasts and collagen
Macrophages
What is dissemination and name three types
Inflammation spread to bloodstream.
Bacteraemia is bacteria in the blood.
Septicaemia is growth of bacteria in the blood.
Toxaemia is toxic products in blood.
