Tumour Pathology 3 Flashcards
What are the local effects of benign tumours?
Pressure and obstruction
What are the local effects of malignant tumours?
Pressure
Obstruction
Pain (from nerve pressure, perneural infiltration and bone pain from pathological fractures)
What are the two types of hormonal systemic effects?
Normal and abnormal
Describe abnormal hormonal effects of malignant tumours
Abnormal production/secretion of hormone - produced by tissue or organ that doesn’t typically produce that hormone
What is cachexia (kakaxia)?
Systemic effect of malignant tumour - weight loss
What is paraneoplastic syndrome?
Unlike mass effect - PNP syndrome is a consequence of cancer in the body not produced by a local neoplasm. It is instead mediated by humoral systems such as hormones or immune responses
Why is it important to detect cancer early?
Reduce/prevent morbidity
Detection of cancer at what stage gives the best prognosis
Pre-invasive
What is dysplasia?
Pre-Malignant stage of cancer
What are the features of dysplasia?
- Increased nuclear size
- Increased mitotic activity
- Abnormal mitoses (progeny)
How is dysplasia graded?
High grade and low grade (based on development into malignant neoplasm)
What are the features of a good screening programme?
Sensitive and acceptable
Cervical cancer screening aims to reduce morbidity of what form of cancer? How does it do this?
Squamous carcinoma of the carvix - detects dysplastic cells on squamous epithelia of cervix
