Acute Inflammation 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation of the peritoneal cavity is called?

A

Peritonitis

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2
Q

Inflammation of the meninges of the brain is called?

A

Meningitis

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3
Q

Inflammation of the appendix is known as what?

A

Appendicitis

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4
Q

Inflammation of the lung is known as what?

A

Pneumonia

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5
Q

Inflammation of the pleural cavity is known as what?

A

Pleurisy

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6
Q

Describe the role of neutrophils in an inflammatory response

A
  • Mobile macrophages (phagocytosis)

- Granules contain oxidants (H2O2)

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7
Q

Consequences of neutrophil response in inflammation include?

A

Production of this ‘soup’ of fluid, cell fragments, organisms and endogenous proteins - collectively called pus

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8
Q

What are the two principle plasma proteins present in an inflammatory response?

A

Fibrinogen and immunoglobulins

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9
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen?

A

Coagulation factor - forms fibrin and clots exudate - localises inflammatory response

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10
Q

What endothelial cell surface membrane mediators do we know?

A

ICAM-1 - helps neutrophils adhere to endothelium

P-selectin - interacts with neutrophil surface to aid passage through endothelium

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11
Q

Describe the synthesis of histamine

A

Preformed in mast cells - released during degranulation

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12
Q

What immunoglobulin class is responsible for mediating histamine?

A

IgE

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13
Q

What is another function of histamine?

A

Causes vasodilatation - increasing membrane permeability

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14
Q

What receptors do histamine form a complex with?

A

H1

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15
Q

5-hydroxytrptamine has what roles in an inflammatory response

A

Vasoconstriction - preformed in platelets - released on degranulation

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16
Q

Describe the role of prostaglandins in an inflammatory response

A

Promote histamine response - inhibit inflammatory cells

17
Q

What are the effects of thromboxane A2?

A

Promote platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

18
Q

What are the effects of leukotrienes in an inflammatory response?

A

Vasoactive - dynamic effect on vessels to increase permeability and constrict smooth muscle

19
Q

What effect does Omega-3 polyunsaturated acids have on an inflammatory response?

A

Decreases synthesis of arachidonic acid derivatives (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) essentially a mediator of mediators

20
Q

What are the effects of Platelet-activating factor?

A

Increases platelet degranulation

21
Q

Cytokines and chemokine (TNF-alpha, IL-1) serve what purpose?

A

Chemi-attraction

22
Q

Nitric acid has what effect on an inflammatory response?

A

Smooth muscle relaxation, anti-platelet and leukocyte recruitment activity regulator

23
Q

Oxygen free radicals amplify what effects?

A

Other mediatory molecules

24
Q

What four pathways are important during an inflammatory response?

A

Blood coagulation pathways, fibrinolysis, kinin system (particularly bradykinin for pain) and the complement cascade

25
What are the collective effects of cell mediators in an inflammatory response?
Vasoactivity, neutrophil adhesion, chemotaxis, itch and pain
26
What are the immediate systemic effects of acute inflammation?
- Pyrexia (endogenous pyrogens act on hypothalamus) - Anorexia - Malaise - Neutrophila
27
What are the longer term systemic effects of acute inflammation?
Lymphadenopathy, weight loss and anaemia
28
What are the four outcomes of acute inflammation?
- Suppuration (abscess formation) - Organisation (granulation of tissue) - Dissemination (spread)
29
Describe the types of dissemination?
Bacteraemia, septicaemia, toxaemia
30
Failed organisation (dissemination) leads to what?
Systemic infection
31
What is shock?
Inability to perfuse organs
32
Clinical presentation of early septic shock includes
Peripheral vasodilatation, tachycardia, hypotension, pyrexia (sometimes haemorrhagic skin rash)
33
Describe the mechanism of septic shock
Chemical mediators released into plasma cause hypotension - heart rate increases to maintain SVR