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Principles of Disease (ME2308) > Acute Inflammation 2 > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation of the peritoneal cavity is called?

A

Peritonitis

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2
Q

Inflammation of the meninges of the brain is called?

A

Meningitis

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3
Q

Inflammation of the appendix is known as what?

A

Appendicitis

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4
Q

Inflammation of the lung is known as what?

A

Pneumonia

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5
Q

Inflammation of the pleural cavity is known as what?

A

Pleurisy

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6
Q

Describe the role of neutrophils in an inflammatory response

A
  • Mobile macrophages (phagocytosis)

- Granules contain oxidants (H2O2)

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7
Q

Consequences of neutrophil response in inflammation include?

A

Production of this ‘soup’ of fluid, cell fragments, organisms and endogenous proteins - collectively called pus

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8
Q

What are the two principle plasma proteins present in an inflammatory response?

A

Fibrinogen and immunoglobulins

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9
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen?

A

Coagulation factor - forms fibrin and clots exudate - localises inflammatory response

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10
Q

What endothelial cell surface membrane mediators do we know?

A

ICAM-1 - helps neutrophils adhere to endothelium

P-selectin - interacts with neutrophil surface to aid passage through endothelium

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11
Q

Describe the synthesis of histamine

A

Preformed in mast cells - released during degranulation

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12
Q

What immunoglobulin class is responsible for mediating histamine?

A

IgE

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13
Q

What is another function of histamine?

A

Causes vasodilatation - increasing membrane permeability

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14
Q

What receptors do histamine form a complex with?

A

H1

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15
Q

5-hydroxytrptamine has what roles in an inflammatory response

A

Vasoconstriction - preformed in platelets - released on degranulation

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16
Q

Describe the role of prostaglandins in an inflammatory response

A

Promote histamine response - inhibit inflammatory cells

17
Q

What are the effects of thromboxane A2?

A

Promote platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

18
Q

What are the effects of leukotrienes in an inflammatory response?

A

Vasoactive - dynamic effect on vessels to increase permeability and constrict smooth muscle

19
Q

What effect does Omega-3 polyunsaturated acids have on an inflammatory response?

A

Decreases synthesis of arachidonic acid derivatives (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) essentially a mediator of mediators

20
Q

What are the effects of Platelet-activating factor?

A

Increases platelet degranulation

21
Q

Cytokines and chemokine (TNF-alpha, IL-1) serve what purpose?

A

Chemi-attraction

22
Q

Nitric acid has what effect on an inflammatory response?

A

Smooth muscle relaxation, anti-platelet and leukocyte recruitment activity regulator

23
Q

Oxygen free radicals amplify what effects?

A

Other mediatory molecules

24
Q

What four pathways are important during an inflammatory response?

A

Blood coagulation pathways, fibrinolysis, kinin system (particularly bradykinin for pain) and the complement cascade

25
Q

What are the collective effects of cell mediators in an inflammatory response?

A

Vasoactivity, neutrophil adhesion, chemotaxis, itch and pain

26
Q

What are the immediate systemic effects of acute inflammation?

A
  • Pyrexia (endogenous pyrogens act on hypothalamus)
  • Anorexia
  • Malaise
  • Neutrophila
27
Q

What are the longer term systemic effects of acute inflammation?

A

Lymphadenopathy, weight loss and anaemia

28
Q

What are the four outcomes of acute inflammation?

A
  • Suppuration (abscess formation)
  • Organisation (granulation of tissue)
  • Dissemination (spread)
29
Q

Describe the types of dissemination?

A

Bacteraemia, septicaemia, toxaemia

30
Q

Failed organisation (dissemination) leads to what?

A

Systemic infection

31
Q

What is shock?

A

Inability to perfuse organs

32
Q

Clinical presentation of early septic shock includes

A

Peripheral vasodilatation, tachycardia, hypotension, pyrexia (sometimes haemorrhagic skin rash)

33
Q

Describe the mechanism of septic shock

A

Chemical mediators released into plasma cause hypotension - heart rate increases to maintain SVR

Principles of Disease (ME2308) (26 decks)

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