Acute Inflammation 2 Flashcards
Inflammation of the peritoneal cavity is called?
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the meninges of the brain is called?
Meningitis
Inflammation of the appendix is known as what?
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the lung is known as what?
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the pleural cavity is known as what?
Pleurisy
Describe the role of neutrophils in an inflammatory response
- Mobile macrophages (phagocytosis)
- Granules contain oxidants (H2O2)
Consequences of neutrophil response in inflammation include?
Production of this ‘soup’ of fluid, cell fragments, organisms and endogenous proteins - collectively called pus
What are the two principle plasma proteins present in an inflammatory response?
Fibrinogen and immunoglobulins
What is the role of fibrinogen?
Coagulation factor - forms fibrin and clots exudate - localises inflammatory response
What endothelial cell surface membrane mediators do we know?
ICAM-1 - helps neutrophils adhere to endothelium
P-selectin - interacts with neutrophil surface to aid passage through endothelium
Describe the synthesis of histamine
Preformed in mast cells - released during degranulation
What immunoglobulin class is responsible for mediating histamine?
IgE
What is another function of histamine?
Causes vasodilatation - increasing membrane permeability
What receptors do histamine form a complex with?
H1
5-hydroxytrptamine has what roles in an inflammatory response
Vasoconstriction - preformed in platelets - released on degranulation
Describe the role of prostaglandins in an inflammatory response
Promote histamine response - inhibit inflammatory cells
What are the effects of thromboxane A2?
Promote platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction
What are the effects of leukotrienes in an inflammatory response?
Vasoactive - dynamic effect on vessels to increase permeability and constrict smooth muscle
What effect does Omega-3 polyunsaturated acids have on an inflammatory response?
Decreases synthesis of arachidonic acid derivatives (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) essentially a mediator of mediators
What are the effects of Platelet-activating factor?
Increases platelet degranulation
Cytokines and chemokine (TNF-alpha, IL-1) serve what purpose?
Chemi-attraction
Nitric acid has what effect on an inflammatory response?
Smooth muscle relaxation, anti-platelet and leukocyte recruitment activity regulator
Oxygen free radicals amplify what effects?
Other mediatory molecules
What four pathways are important during an inflammatory response?
Blood coagulation pathways, fibrinolysis, kinin system (particularly bradykinin for pain) and the complement cascade
What are the collective effects of cell mediators in an inflammatory response?
Vasoactivity, neutrophil adhesion, chemotaxis, itch and pain
What are the immediate systemic effects of acute inflammation?
- Pyrexia (endogenous pyrogens act on hypothalamus)
- Anorexia
- Malaise
- Neutrophila
What are the longer term systemic effects of acute inflammation?
Lymphadenopathy, weight loss and anaemia
What are the four outcomes of acute inflammation?
- Suppuration (abscess formation)
- Organisation (granulation of tissue)
- Dissemination (spread)
Describe the types of dissemination?
Bacteraemia, septicaemia, toxaemia
Failed organisation (dissemination) leads to what?
Systemic infection
What is shock?
Inability to perfuse organs
Clinical presentation of early septic shock includes
Peripheral vasodilatation, tachycardia, hypotension, pyrexia (sometimes haemorrhagic skin rash)
Describe the mechanism of septic shock
Chemical mediators released into plasma cause hypotension - heart rate increases to maintain SVR
