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Foundations & Anatomy First year > Tumour Pathology 2 > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the altered gene types associated with cancer?

A

Loss of tumour suppressor genes
Gain of function of oncogenes

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2
Q

What is the altered cellular function of cancer cells?

A

Tumour-related proteins

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3
Q

Describe morphology of cancer cells

A

Abnormal

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4
Q

Is there a unique feature specific to cancer cells?

A

No, but they are capable of independent growth

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5
Q

Describe adhesion in cancer cells

A

Los of cell-to-cell adhesion
Altered cell-to-matrix adhesion

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6
Q

What are the tumour biomarkers?

A

Tumour-related proteins

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7
Q

What are the different categories of tumour biomarkers?

A

Onco-fetal proteins
Oncogenes
Growth factors and receptors

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8
Q

What is the clinical utility of tumour biomarkers?

A

Screening
Diagnosis
Prognostic - identifying patients with a specific outcome
Predictive - identifying patients who will respond to a particular therapy

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9
Q

What is the biomarker for Teratoma of testis and hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Alpha-fetoprotein

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10
Q

What is the biomarker for colorectal cancer?

A

Carcino-embryonic antigen

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11
Q

What is the biomarker for Breast cancer?

A

Oestrogen receptor

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12
Q

What is the biomarker for Prostate cancer?

A

Prostate specific antigen

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13
Q

What are the predictive tumour biomarkers for colorectal cancer?

A

kras

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14
Q

What are the predictive tumour biomarkers for lung cancer?

A

EGFR - epidermal growth factor receptor

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15
Q

What are the predictive tumour biomarkers for breast cancer and gastric cancer?

A

Her2

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16
Q

What are the predictive tumour biomarkers for melanoma?

A

Braf

17
Q

What is the variation in size and shape of cancer cells referred to as?

A

Pleomorphism

18
Q

Is mitoses present in cancer cells?

A

Yes but is abnormal

19
Q

What is tumour growth a balance between?

A

Angiogenesis
Apoptosis

20
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

New blood vessel formation by tumours, required to sustain tumour growth

21
Q

What is the downside on human health brought about by angiogenesis?

A

Provides a route for release of tumour cells into circulation

22
Q

What is the relationship between blood vessels and prognosis?

A

More blood vessels -poorer prognosis

23
Q

What is involved in the response to chemo-radiotherapy?

A

Apoptosis

24
Q

What is the major clinical problem of cancer?

A

Formation of metastatic (secondary) tumour

25
Q

What is the effect of metastasis on matrix degradation by proteolytic enzymes?

A

Increased

26
Q

What is the effect of metastasis on cell-to-cell cell-to-matrix adhesion?

A

It is altered

27
Q

What are the various modes of spread of cancer?

A

Local
Lymphatic
Blood
Trans-coelomic spread

28
Q

What is the intermediate tissue for tumour invasion of lymph/blood vessels?

A

Connective tissue

29
Q

What are the stages of metastasis via lymphatics?

A

Adherence of tumour cells to lymph vessels

Invasion from lymphatics

Invasion into lymph nodes

Formation of metastasis in lymph node

Clinical evidence of metastasis

30
Q

What are the stages of metastasis via blood?

A

Same process but substituting the lymph vessels with blood vessels

31
Q

What is Trans-coelomic spread?

A

Spread of tumour cells across the body cavities

Pleural or peritoneal cavities

32
Q

Which organs show a Trans-coelomic spread?

A

Lung, stomach, colon and ovary

33
Q

What are the common sites of metastasis?

A

Liver, lung, brain, bone (axial skeleton)
Adrenal gland

34
Q

What are the uncommon sites for metastasis?

A

Spleen, kidney, skeletal muscles, heart

Relates to blood flow and the environmental factors of each organ

35
Q

Where do breast? prostate? and colorectal cancer often metastasis to?

A

Bone
Bone
Liver

Foundations & Anatomy First year (104 decks)

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