Anatomy of the Back Lecture

Question 1

What does the spinal cord lie in?

Answer 1

Vertebral canal

Question 2

What structure does the spinal cord end at?

Answer 2

Conus medullaris

Question 3

What spinal level does the spinal cord end at in an adult and a child?

Answer 3

L1/L2 in an adult

L3 in a child

Question 4

What do lumbar and sacral nerves form?

Answer 4

Cauda equina

Question 5

What does the pia mater extend and attach to as?

Answer 5

Extends as the folum terminale and attaches to coccyx

Question 6

What is the spinal cord covered and protected by?

Answer 6

Meninges

Question 7

What are the 3 layers of the meninges (from outside to inside)?

Answer 7

Dura mater

Arachnoid

Pia mater

Question 8

What is between the arachnoid and the pia mater?

Answer 8

Subarachnoid space

Question 9

What is the subanarachnoid space filled with?

Answer 9

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 10

Where does the dura mater and arachnoid extend to?

Answer 10

S2

Question 11

Why are the cervical and lumbar regions of the spinal cord enlarged?

Answer 11

To allow for brachial and lumbar plexes nerves that supply the limbs

Question 12

Where do spinal nerves emerge in relation to vertebrae and what they are celled?

Answer 12

Above the vertebrae in Cervical - below in thoracic l lumbar and sacral

Question 13

What does the lateral horn contain?

Answer 13

Cell bodies of the sympathetic neurones

Question 14

Where is the lateral horn present?

Answer 14

Between T1-L2/3 (sympathetic)

Between S2-S4 (parasympathetic)

Question 15

Where are grey matter and white matter in relation to each other in the spinal cord?

Answer 15

White is on the outside

Grey is on the inside

Question 16

What pathway do sympathetic fibres take once they leave the spinal cord?

Answer 16

1) Emerge in the vental root via a white ramus
2) Synapse to the sympathetic chain
3) Re-enter spinal nerve via grey ramus
4) Distributed in both dorsal and ventral rami

Question 17

Do sympathetic fibres emerge in the dorsal or ventral root?

Answer 17

Ventral

Question 18

What does the sympathetic trunk extend from and to?

Answer 18

C1 to Cc1

Question 19

What is thoracic viscera?

Answer 19

Organs in the thoracic cavity

Question 20

What is abdominal viscera?

Answer 20

Organs in the abdomen

Question 21

For which of thoracic and abdominal viscera do sympathetic fibres use the sympathetic chain?

Answer 21

Thoracic, they do no use the chain for abdominal viscera, fibres pass through the chain and synapse at prevertebral ganglia in the abdomen

Question 22

What are the 2 ways that sympathetic fibres can go to the viscera as?

Answer 22

Post ganglionic (thoracic)

Pre ganglionic (abdominal)

Question 23

What is viscera also known as?

Answer 23

Splanchnic nerves

Question 24

Whre do splanchnic nerves to thoracic organs orginate?

Answer 24

T1 - T4

Question 25

Where do splanchnic nerves to abdominal organs originate?

Answer 25

T5 - T12 and L1 - L2

Question 26

What are the 3 kinds of splanchnic nerves?

Answer 26

Greater Lesser Least

Question 27

Where do greater splanchnic nerves pass through the sympathetic chain?

Answer 27

T6 - T9

Question 28

Where do lesser splanchnic nerves pass through the sympathetic chain?

Answer 28

T10 - T11

Question 29

Where do least splanchnic nerves pass through the sympathetic chain?

Answer 29

T12

Question 30

What happens to splanchnic nerves to thoracic organs after they synapse at the sympathetic chain?

Answer 30

Run to a nerve plexus (cardiopulmonary) as postganglionic fibres and then to they organ they innervate

Question 32

What nerve plexus do splanchnic nerves to the thoracic organs use?

Answer 32

Cardiopulmonary plexus

Question 33

How do sympathetic fibres innervate the face and head?

Answer 33

Synapse with one of three ganglia, then following an artery to reach their target organ

Question 34

What are the 3 ganglia that sympathatic fibres use to innervate the face and head?

Answer 34

Superior cervical ganglion Middle cervical ganglion Inferior cervical ganglion

Question 35

Is the sympathetic system generally considered motor or sensory?

Answer 35

Motor

Question 36

How do sensory fibres of the sympathetic system run?

Answer 36

General sensory run with parasympathetic fibres Pain runs with sympathetic fibres (also parasympathetic in pelvis) They then enter the dorsal root, and continue to the lateral horn

Question 37

Where do parasympathetic nerves arise from?

Answer 37

Cranial III, VII, IX and X S2 - S4

Question 38

Where are the S2 - S4 nerves commonly refered to as?

Answer 38

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 39

What are the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

Answer 39

Parasympathetic

Question 40

Where do the pelvic splanchnic nerve cell bodies reside?

Answer 40

Lateral grey horn at T12 - L2

Question 41

How do pelvic splanchnic nerves get from T12 - L2 to where they are needed?

Answer 41

1) Bilaterally, run through the lumbosacral plexus to the sacral foramina 2) Exit at the cauda equina at S2 - S4 3) Run through pelvic/inferior hypogastric plexus 4) Synapse to ganglion close to target 5) Postganglionic fibre supplies organ

Question 42

Where do parasympathetic fibres exit the vertebral column?

Answer 42

Cauda equina at S2 - S4

Question 43

How do parasympathetic fibres get from S2 - S4 to their ganglion close to their target?

Answer 43

Run through the pelvic/inferior hypogastric plexus

Question 44

What does the pelvic/inferior plexus contain?

Answer 44

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres

Question 45

What is the sentinal lymph node?

Answer 45

First lymph node to which cancer cells disperse

Question 46

What are axillary lymph nodes?

Answer 46

Lie along the walls of the axilla

Question 47

Where does the right lymphatic duct empty?

Answer 47

Junction of right internal jagular and right subclavian veins

Question 48

Where does the thoracic duct empty?

Answer 48

Junction of left internal jagular and left subclavian veins

Question 49

What is the cisterna chyli?

Answer 49

Most inferior part of the thoracic duct

Question 50

What does the thoracic duct drain?

Answer 50

Whole body except right upper quadrant

Question 51

What does the right lymphatic duct drain?

Answer 51

Only the right upper quadrant of the body