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MLT 203 > tumor markers > Flashcards

tumor markers Flashcards

1
Q

second leading cause of death in north america

A

cancer

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2
Q

definition of cancer

A

uncontrolled growth of cells that can develop into a tumor and spread to other areas.

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3
Q

cancer is staged based on

A

tumor size, histology, regional lymph node involvement, presence of metastasis (1-4)

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4
Q

stage 1 cancer

A

localized tumor

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5
Q

stage 2 cancer

A

invasion of primary tumor thorugh epithelium and into blood vessels

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6
Q

stage 3 cancer

A

migration of tumor into regional lymph nodes

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7
Q

stage 4 cancer

A

metastasis of tumor to distant tissues (ex. lung, heart)

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8
Q

tumor origin in epithelial tissue

A

carcinoma

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9
Q

epithelial cells that form glandular structures

A

adenocarcinoma

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10
Q

supportive or connective tissue tumor (ex. muscle, bone, catilage, fat, blood vessels)

A

sarcoma

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11
Q

cancer in lymphoid tissue

A

lymphoma

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12
Q

cancer of melanocytes

A

melanoma

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13
Q

cancer of white blood cells

A

leukemia

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14
Q

enzyme tumor marker

A

levels of enzymes correlate with tumor burden.

ex. ALP: bone, liver, intestine

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15
Q

serum proteins (B2-microglobulin and immunoglobulins) as tumor markers

A

multiple myeloma light chains

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16
Q

hormones and metabolizes as tumor markers

A

specific markers of secreting tumors (ex. ACTH: Pituitary adenoma and ectopic lung tumor)

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17
Q

oncofetal antigens as tumor markers

A

present during fetal devleopment but found in adults. (ex. carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) )

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18
Q

CEA is associated with what cancer

A

colon cancer

19
Q

presence of estrogen receptor assay and progesterone receptor assay suggests what

A

that tumor will respond to treatment

20
Q

why would screening asymptomatic populations result in detection of false positives

A

most tumor markers are found in normal cells, not just cancer cells (ex. PSA)

21
Q

diagnosis of cancer

A

uses results from markers, imaging, risk factors, and symptoms

22
Q

prognosis of cancer

A

concentration of the marker determines prognosis (highest levels associated with metastasis)

23
Q

decreased levels of tumor markers indicate therapy is working, increased levels of tumor marker may indicate what

A

need for change in therapy

24
Q

detection of recurrence

A

once tumor is removed, elevations of marker can indicate regrowth

25
Q

ideal tumor marker

A

tumor specific
absent in healthy individuals
readily detectable in bodily fluids

26
Q

diagnostic sensitivity

A

likihood that given the presence of disease, an abnormal test result predicts the disease

27
Q

diagnostic specificity

A

likelihood that given the absence of disease, a normal test result excludes the disease

28
Q

why is it not best practice to compare test results from two different assays for a cancer diagnosis

A

differences in antibody specificity, lack of standard reference material, variation in reference ranges

29
Q

most common tumor marker measurement

A

immunoassay

30
Q

challenges of immunoassay

A

levels above linearity, may show hook effect, samples exceeding range should be diluted.

31
Q

tumor marker interferences

A

heterophile antibodies
lipemia
hemolysis

32
Q

other tests used for tumor markers

A

high-performance liquid chromatography

immunochemistry (test solid tissue…ERA, PRA)

33
Q

what is AFP

A

an abundant protein synthesized by fetal liver

34
Q

when would AFP be increased

A

patients with hepatoellular carcinoma, and testicular cancer.

decreased in down syndrome, increased in spina bifida

35
Q

function of AFP

A

normally functions as transport protein, and is involved in regulating oncotic pressure

36
Q

cancer antigen 125

A

detecting and monitoring ovarian tumors

annual test

37
Q

carinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

A

expressed during development.

38
Q

CEA (nonspecific marker) indicates what

A

colorectal cancer, also incresed in lung, breast, GI tumors, pancreas, thyroid, and ovarian cancer.

not diagnostic

39
Q

human chronic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

secreted by placental to maintain pregnancy

40
Q

hCG as a tumor marker

A

testicular cancer, gestational trophoblastic diseases

hydatiform mole, choriocarcinoma

41
Q

prostate specific antigen

A

glycoprotein produced in prostatic ducts. regulates seminal fluid viscosity

42
Q

patients with prostate levels have ____ level of free PSA

A

decreased

43
Q

normal range for PSA

A

<4ng/mL

44
Q

CA 15-3

A

metastatic cancer of breast

MLT 203 (10 decks)

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