Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MLT 203 > Cardiac Markers > Flashcards

Cardiac Markers Flashcards

1
Q

average weight of the heart

A

men: 325 grams
women: 275 grams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

outermost layer of the heart

A

epicardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

middle layer of the heart

A

myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

inner layer of the heart

A

endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

layer most susceptible to ischemia

A

endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where heart tissue is slowly or suddenly starved of oxygen and other nutrients

A

ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

double-layered membrane that encloses the heart

A

pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

R/L valves contract closing mitral valve, aortic valve opens

A

systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

relaxation phase, tricuspid/mitral valves open moving blood from atria to ventricles

A

diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

function of heart

A

pumps blood to organs, delivers oxygen and nutrients where needed, removes waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

reduced contraction and relaxation, decreased pumping ability. (ex. Congenital, Hypertension, damage from MI)
(heart disease category)

A

mechanical defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

electrical defects

A

irregularities in heartbeat (arrhythmias)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

plumbing defects

A

atherosclerosis, increased cholesterol buildup, decreased blood flow, ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

congenital conditions

A

abnormalities arising from abnormal formation pf heart/blood vessels present at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

signs of congenital heart condition

A

cyanosis, pulmonary hypertension, clubbing of fingers, embolism, reduced growth, syncope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

causes of congenital heart conditions

A

maternal rubella infection, maternal alcohol abuse, drug treatment, genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

complication of rheumatic fever from group A streptococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

infective endocarditis

A

infection of endocardial surface of the heart by bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

bacteria, fungi, viral, autoimmune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure

A

coronary heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

stroke

A

cerebrovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

acute pain, arms and legs

A

peripheral arterial disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

aneurysm

A

aortic atherosclerotic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

4 categories of cardiovascular disease

A

coronary heart disease
cerebrovascular disease
peripheral arterial disease
aortic atherosclerotic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)
- major rise in troponin (99th) - ischemia - ECG changes - new loss of myocardium - thrombi
26
plaques of cholesterol deposit in artery walls, leads to ischemia
atherosclerosis
27
symptoms of artherosclerosis
chest pain, nausea, vimiting, dyspnea, diaphoresis, light headedness
28
heart attack is more professional known as
myocardial infarction
29
first stage of artherosclerosis
vascular injury caused by hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia
30
second stage of artherosclerosis
increased permeability to lipids (LDL, VLDL) --> inflammation
31
3rd stage of artherosclerosis
monocytes and leukocytes arrive to help
32
fourth stage of artherosclerosis
macrophages scavenge LDL/cholesterol-rich-lipoproteins become foam cells
33
fifth stage of artherosclerosis
foam cells promote lesion progression
34
sixth stage of artherosclerosis
T and B lymphocytes are recruited by plaque
35
seventh stage of artherosclerosis
interactions between t and b lymphs and foam cells recruits smooth muscle cells into lumen
36
final stage of artherosclerosis
smooth muscle cells secrete collagen, elastin, and other proteins to fix plaque to the vessel wall (atheroma)
37
cardiac markers
CK-MB, Troponin, myoglobin, myeloperoxidase, BNP, NT-ProBNP
38
BNP, NT-ProBNP
congestive heart failure markers
39
historical cardiac enzymes
CK, AST, LD, LD isoenzymes, CK-MB activitiy
40
how coronary artery disease progresses
lipids, hs-CRP, cardiac markers
41
characteristics of ideal cardiac markers
- smaller = faster - specificity - release from myocardium complete following injury - remain elevated - cleared rapidly (allow diagnosis of recurrent injury) - quick/easy assays
42
MICAL
Mical had (MI). His (CK) rose first, followed by (A)ST, and lastly, (LD)
43
Balloon angioplasty and stents
- guide wired inserted - inflate balloon - take out balloon, stent is left behind
44
CK-MB limitations
- 2 assays - slower, may require dilution - not always diagnostic - no increase in activity is found in heart failure
45
relative index ref range
``` <3% = normal >6% = cardiac source ```
46
consists of three proteins that bind to thin filaments (actin) of cardiac and skeletal muscle
troponin
47
troponin isomers used in cardiac assay
troponin T, troponin I, troponin C
48
troponin specimen
plasma (not found in serum of healthy people)
49
TnI reference range
<0.04 ng/mL
50
advantages of troponin
- specific - high diagnostic specificity/sensitivity - early detection following Myocardial Infarction (MI) - undetected in healthy people - remain elevated - few interfering substances
51
how to determine re-injury using cardiac markers
cardiac makers remain elevated for a specific period of time, after a few days if levels spike, then it will suggest increase from re-injury
52
heme protein found in skeletal/cardiac muscle. transports oxygen from muscle cell membrane to mitochondria
myoglobin
53
clinical use of myoglobin
- early release from damaged muscle | - not specific
54
myoglobin specimen
serum
55
myoglobin ref range
<90 ng/mL
56
POC/ER testing
whole blood analyzer myoglobin, ck-mb, TnI 12 min
57
i-STAT
tests for troponin I, followed up on chemistry analyzer upon admission
58
High Sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)
acute phase reactant produced in liver in response to injurt increase in CRP correlate with CAD and CVD
59
homocysteine
connection between increased levels and artherosclerosis and formation of blood clots
60
any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs ability of the ventricle to fill with or eject blood
heart failure or congestive heart failure
61
excessive fluid accumulated in lungs producing edema, reduced output of blood to systemic circulation, retention of fluid by the kidneys
heart failure/congestive heart failure
62
natriuretic peptide
- hormones that include ANP, BNP - assist in regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis - marker of congestive heart failure
63
- increased renal excretion of sodium - released on ventricular stretch or stress to myocytes in absence of necrosis - increased indicated expanded fluid volume (renal failure, CHF)
BNP
64
BNP specimen
- available on iSTAT | - plasma, EDTA
65
BNP ref range
<100 pg/mL
66
rule out infection or anemia
CBC is ordered
67
fluid imbalance or retention
electrolyte panel
68
kidney function and damage
BUN/Creatinine
69
Liver damage
LFT
70
detect arrhythmias
electrocardiogram
71
protein in urine, and increased risk of heart failure
urinalysis
72
high lipids associated with heart disease
lipid panel
73
hypothyroidism associated with high lipid levels
TSH
74
embolus lodged in pulmonary arteries, impairing blood flow
pulmonary embolism
75
markers of pulmonary embolism
chest pain, dizziness, coughing, irregular heartbeat, low PO2, DVT, swelling/leg pain, discoloration, D-DIMER
76
D-dimer
marker for assessing clot formation/pulmonary embolism
77
protein produced from breakdown of fibrin clots
d-dimer
78
a normal D-Dimer rules out
Pulmonary Embolism, deep vein thrombosis
79
D-dimer specimen
plasma/whole blood

MLT 203 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions