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MLT 203 > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Organs in the endocrine system

A 
Hypothalamus & pituitary 
Thyroid & parathyroid
Adrenals
Islets of Langerhans
Ovaries and testes
Placenta
Digestive system
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2
Q

Hormone functions

A

-homeostasis
-regulate growth and development
-sexual maturation, sexual rhythms and reproduction
-regulate energy production
-adapt/adjust to stress/emergency situations
=promote/inhibit production/release of other hormones

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3
Q

hormones composed of amino acid residues, water soluble, and have a short half life

A

Polypeptide hormones

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4
Q

Function of polypeptide hormones

A

Interact with target receptors, trigger second messengers to complete specific action of the hormone

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5
Q

derived from amino acids, water soluble, interact with receptors of target cells

A

amines

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6
Q

half life of polypeptide hormones

A

<30 minutes

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7
Q

Thyroxine (amine) half life

A

7-10 days

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8
Q

Catecholamine (amine) half life

A

<1 minute

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9
Q

Hormones derived from cholesterol cycoperhydrophenathrene ring structure

A

steroid hormones

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10
Q

steroid hormone characteristics

A

hydrophobic

  • bound reversibly in blood to carrier proteins
  • unbound version is active
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11
Q

steroid hormone half life

A

30-90 minutes

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12
Q

Originate from anterior pituitary gland, specific from another endocrine gland
ex. TSH targets thyroid gland

A

Tropic hormones

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13
Q

Act on peripheral tissue
exert a feedback effect on the hypothalamus or anterior pitutary gland
ex. growth hormone

A

direct effector hormones

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14
Q

target receptors

A
  • located on cell membrane/cytoplasm

- binding of hormone to receptor initiates a signal, causing a biological response

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15
Q

defect in target receptor,,,,

A
  • disease
  • absence/defect of feedback
    ex. goiter formation –> TSH stimulation of thyroid due to decrease in circulating T3 and T4
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16
Q

increase in product causes a decrease in the system

  • stabilizes a process
  • hormone regulation
A

negative feedback

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17
Q

increase in product causes increase in activity of system

A

positive feedbakc

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18
Q

Disorder with a target gland, in presence of normal stimuli

feedback

A

Primary feedback disorder

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19
Q

Target gland functions normal in the presence of stimuli, abnormal in absence of stimuli

A

Secondary feedback disorder

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20
Q

Regulation of hormone occurs by controlling rate of _____ rather than rate of _____

A

synthesis, degredation

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21
Q

Primary control gland of hormones

A

hypothalamus

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22
Q

hypothalamus role in regulation

A

releases hormones that stimulate/inhibit secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

  • activated by CNS
  • emotion or stress to secrete one or more releasing factors
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23
Q

Releases TSH and Prolactin

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone

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24
Q

Releases LH and FSH

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

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25
Q

Releases ACTH

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone

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26
Q

Releases GH

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone

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27
Q

Inhibits GH and TSH release

A

Somatostatin

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28
Q

Inhibits Prolactin release

A

Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone

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29
Q

Small gland located at the base of the skull

lies within sella turcica

A

Anterior pitutary

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30
Q

Where hormones which target other endocrine gland are stored

A

Anterior pituitary

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31
Q

Stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH). Releases both tropic and direct effector hormones

A

Posterior pituitary

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32
Q

Targets gonads, tropic hormone, function in ovulation and testosterone production

A

Luteinizing hormone

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33
Q

targets gonads, tropic hormone, functions in estrogen synthesis and spermatogenesis

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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34
Q

Targets thyroid, tropic hormone, stimulates thyroid hormone production

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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35
Q

Targets adrenal cortex, tropic hormone, stimulates synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoid hormones

A

Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)

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36
Q

Targets liver and bone, direct effector hormone, stimulates tissue growth

A

Growth hormone

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37
Q

Targets breast, direct effector, functions in secretion

A

Prolactin

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38
Q

also called somatotropin, peptide with direct effector functions

A

Growth hormone

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39
Q

inhibited by somatostatin, release is stimulated by GHRH

A

growth hormone

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40
Q

amphibolic

A

influences both anabolic and catabolic processes

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41
Q

growth hormone and metabolism

A
  • effective transition from a fed state to fasting state
  • antagonizes effect of insulin on glucose
  • hepatic gluconeogenesis
  • enhances protein synthesis
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42
Q

diurnal variation of growth hormone

A
  • secretion in pulse every 2-3 hours

- peaks at onset of sleep

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43
Q

elevated growth hormone

A
  • adenomas on pituitary
  • acromegaly
  • artherosclerosis, diabetes, arthritis, hypertension
  • shortened life expectancy
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44
Q

Decreased growth hormone

A
  • tumors, pituitary abnormalities

- GH replacement therapy possible

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45
Q

Genetic defects with decreased GH

A
  • recessive GHRH gene
  • loss of GH gene
  • GH insensitivity
  • lesions of pituitary or hypothalamus
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46
Q

prolactin is stimulated by

A

TRH

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47
Q

prolactin is inhibited by

A

Prolactin inhibiting factor (dopamine)

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48
Q

prolactin elevation symptoms

A
  • tumor
  • premenopausal women, menstrual irregularities
  • oligospermia/impotence
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49
Q

most common pituitary tumor

A

prolactinoma

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50
Q

promotes growth and uptake of iodine by thyroid gland.

A

TSH

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51
Q

under negative feedback control by thyroxine

A

TSH

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52
Q

TSH and hypothyroidism

A

serum TSH is elevated due to absence of negative feedback

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53
Q

adrenal steroids

A

-glucocorticoids (cortisol)
-mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
androgen (sex hormone precursors)

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54
Q

diurnal variation of ACTH

A

peak: 6-8 am
lowest: 6-11 pm

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55
Q

stimulates the production of adrenal steroids

A

ACTH

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56
Q

hypothalamus secreted GNRH which is responsible for secretion of both gonadotropins __ and __

A

FSH and LG

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57
Q

serves to promote ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, and secretion of progesterone and androgens

A

Luteinizing hormone

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58
Q

stimulates growth of follicles and development of seminiferous tubules, spermatogenesis

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

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59
Q

lactation, stimulates smooth muscle (urine), enhance labor (posterior pituitary hormone)

A

oxytocin

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60
Q

regulates water excretion in renal tubules (posterior pituititary hormone)

A

vasopressin(ADH)

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61
Q

_____ osmolality receptors and blood pressure regulate the release of ______

A

hypothalamus, vasopressin

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62
Q

deficiency of ADH is associated with ______

A

diabetes insipidus

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63
Q

neurogenic/hypothalamuc diabetes insipidus

A

absence of deficient ADH secretion

64
Q

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Renal resistance to action of ADH, synthesis is normal but renal response is defective

65
Q

continuous production of ADH in the absence of known stimuli

A

SIADH

66
Q

SIADH causes

A

tumor, CNS injury, pulmonary disease, infection, stress, drugs

67
Q

SIADH lab results

A

decreased Na+ (serum)
Decreased serum osmolality
Increased Na+ (urine)
Increased urine osmolality

68
Q

pyramid shaped gland located medial to kidneys

A

Adrenal glands

69
Q

Anatomy of adrenal glands

A

inner/outer medulla

hormones synthesized from cholesterol precursor

70
Q

Adrenal microscopic anatomy

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona Fasciculata
  • zona Reticularis
  • Adrenal medulla
71
Q

Zona _____ is the outermost layer, synthesizes mineralcorticoids

A

Glomerulosa

72
Q

Zona ______, middle layer, synthesize glucocorticoids

A

Fasciculata

73
Q

Zona ______, inner layer, secretes gondaocoricoids

A

Reticularis

74
Q

Adrenal Medulla synthesizes _____

A

catecholamines

75
Q

G zone hormone (blood pressure and serum potassium)

A

Aldosterone

76
Q

F zone hormone (Blood pressure and glucose)

A

Cortisol

77
Q

R zone hormone (virulization and Sex)

A

Testosterone and Estradol

78
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

regulate electrolytes, critical for sodium retention, potassium, and acid-base homeostasis

79
Q

Aldosterone

A

controlled by RAAS, promote potassium secretion, increases plasma sodium, increases water retetention

80
Q

adrenal insuffciency, low glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids

A

Addison’s disease

81
Q

Primary Addison’s disease

A

Atrophy or destruction of adrenal cortex. Idiopathic or autosimmune destruction

82
Q

Secondary Addison’s disease

A

Hypothalamic/pituitary disease

83
Q

how to diagnose Addison’s disease

A

ACTH stimulation test

84
Q

Clinical features of addison’s disease

A

decreased cortisol, decreased aldosterone, decreased Na+, increased K+, increased H+, decreased pH, increased ACTH, anemia

85
Q

manifestations of Addison’s disease

A

increased skin pigmentation, tiredness, intestinal issues, hypotension, hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, loss of body hair, depression

86
Q

Hallmarks of Addison’s disease

A

Low cortisol, Low Aldosterone, High Renin, Increased ACTH

87
Q

Conn’s Syndrome

A

Hyperaldosteronism

88
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Aldosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma of adrenal cortex. (decreased renin, hypertension)

89
Q

Secondary hyperaldosteronism

A

Disorder within RAAS system

90
Q

Conn’s Syndrome lab results

A
  • decreased K+
  • increased Na+
  • increased Aldosterone
  • acid/base imbalance (alkalosis)
  • decreased renin
91
Q

manifestation of Conn’s syndrome

A
  • muscle weakness
  • increased urination
  • hypertension
  • cardiac arrhythmias
92
Q

primary glucocorticoids

A

cortisol

93
Q

glucocorticoid functions

A
  • insulin antagonist
  • mobilizes fat for energy
  • break down muscle
  • maintain blood pressure
  • reduce inflammatory response
  • stress response
94
Q

cortisol regulation

A

hypothalamus secretes CRH, CRH activates ACTH, ACTH controls cortisol production

95
Q

low cortisol = ____ release

A

increased ACTH

96
Q

prolonged exogenous steroid use

A

Cushing’s syndrome

97
Q

Primary cushing’s syndrome

A

Adrenal adenoma

Increased cortisol, increased ACTH

98
Q

Secondary cushin’s syndrome

A

Pituitary adenoma

  • increased Cortisol
  • increased ACTH
99
Q

manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome

A

Weight gain, buffalo hump back, muscle wasting, easy bruising, hypertension, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, increased lipids, decreased HDL

100
Q

Cortisol diurnal variation

A

Peak: morning
Lowest: late-evening

101
Q

Dexamethasone test

A

causes suppresion of pituitary output of ACTH and yields lowered morning cortisol

102
Q

Cushing’s System and diurnal variation

A

Loss of diurnal variation, cortisol remains high, negative feedback lost

103
Q

dexamethasone supression test protocol

A
  • measure baseline serum cortisol
  • give 1.0 mg of dex at night
  • measure serum cortisol next morning
104
Q

dexamethasone suppression test interpretation

A
  • suppression to <5ug/dL rules out Cushing’s

- Patients with Cushing’s syndrome will fail to suppress morning cortisol

105
Q

primary hyperaldosteronism hormones

A

high aldosterone, normal cortisol, low renin

106
Q

secondary hyperaldosteronism

A

high aldosterone, normal cortisol, high renin

107
Q

addison’s disease hormones

A

low aldosterone, low cortisol, high renin

108
Q

cushing’s syndrome hormone

A

low aldosterone, high cortisol, low renin

109
Q

cotecholamines

A

nonsteroid, amine-type hormone. Derrived from tyrosine, circulate low levels, rapidly fluctuate

110
Q

catecholamine hormones

A

norepinephrine, noradrenaline, epinphrine, adrenaline, dopamine

111
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

tumor in neurochromaffin cells of adrenal medulla that produces excess catecholamines, causes hypertension, headache, sweating, anxiety

112
Q

neuroblastoma

A

common malignant tumor in pediatric patients, tachycardia, diarrhea. Increased VMA, HVA

113
Q

testosterone

A

maintains secondary sex characteristics and sperm, 95% bound to albumin

114
Q

hormonal control of testicular function

A

hypothalamus generates GNRH in pulse-like fashion, GNRH is released an determine rate of production of LH and FSH, LH and FSH activate testosterone production,

115
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome XXY

A

Impotence, decreased testosterone, increased FSH and LH. Gynecomastia, type 2 diabetes

116
Q

estrogen functions

A

promotes breast, uterine, vaginal development. Secondary sex characteristics, produced by placenta and ovaries

117
Q

Progesterone function

A

prepares endometrium for implantation, responsible for increase in body temperature at time of ovulation

118
Q

FSH function

A

promote growth of follicles, stimulates estrogen production

119
Q

LH functions

A

triggers ovulation

120
Q

estradiol (E2)

A

Primary sex hormone of childbearing women, aids in release of egg from ovaries, reduction causes hot flashes and night sweats

121
Q

estriol (E3)

A

Secreted from placenta during pregnancy

122
Q

Estrone (E1)

A

Main estrogen present after menopause

123
Q

hormone high in follicular phase of menses

A

FSH

124
Q

hormone high in mid-cycle

A

LH

125
Q

hormone high in luteal phase of menses

A

progesterone

126
Q

hCG

A

classic hormone marker of pregnancy

127
Q

human placental lactogen

A

produced by placenta
aids in hCG estrogen and progesterone synthesis
mammary gland development

128
Q

progesterone and uterus

A

Promote growth and thickening and ensures adequate uterine blood supply and helps maintain endometrium

129
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menses

130
Q

primary amenorrhea

A

never menstruated by age 16

131
Q

secondary ammenorhea

A

had at least one menstrual cycle but ceases for at least six months

132
Q

oligomenorrhea

A

irregular menses

cycle length 35-40 days

133
Q

menorrhagia

A

uterine bleeding >7 days

134
Q

polycystic ovary syndrome

A

infertility, hirsutim, anovulation glucose intolerance, hypertension
cysts on ovaries

135
Q

hirsutism

A

male pattern growth in women, loss of female sex characteristics

136
Q

hyperesterinism

A

overproduction of estrogen

137
Q

hypoestrinism

A

decreased estrogen

ex. Turner syndrome

138
Q

lab tests for reproductive disorders

A
  • total testosterone
  • total estrogen
  • unconjugated estriol
139
Q

stimulation test (endocrine)

A

evaluates suspected hypo functioning gland. ex. ACTH stimulation test

140
Q

suppression test (endocrine hormone assessment)

A

evaluate suspected hyper functioning gland. Dexamethasone test for Cushing syndrome

141
Q

excess growth hormone

A

gigantism

142
Q

growth hormone deficiency

A

dwarfism

143
Q

ADH deficiency

A

D. insipidus

144
Q

ADH excess

A

SIADH

145
Q

thyroid hormone deficiency

A

hypothyroidism

146
Q

thyroid hormone excess

A

hyperthyroidism

147
Q

parathyroid hormone deficiency

A

hypoparathyroidism (RARE)

148
Q

parathyroid hormone excess

A

hyperparathyroidism

149
Q

parathyroid hormone excess

A

hyperparathyroidism

150
Q

gucocorticoid deficiency

A

Addison’s disease

151
Q

glucocorticoid excess

A

Cushing’s syndrome

152
Q

ACTH deficiency

A

Addison’s disease (Secondary)

153
Q

ACTH excess

A

Cushing’s syndrome

154
Q

Mineralcorticoids deficiency

A

Addison’t disease

155
Q

Mineralocorticoids excess

A

Conn’s Syndrome

156
Q

Insulin deficiency

A

D. melltius

157
Q

Insulin excess

A

Insulin shock

MLT 203 (10 decks)

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