Hormones Flashcards
1
Q
Organs in the endocrine system
A
Hypothalamus & pituitary Thyroid & parathyroid Adrenals Islets of Langerhans Ovaries and testes Placenta Digestive system
2
Q
Hormone functions
A
-homeostasis
-regulate growth and development
-sexual maturation, sexual rhythms and reproduction
-regulate energy production
-adapt/adjust to stress/emergency situations
=promote/inhibit production/release of other hormones
3
Q
hormones composed of amino acid residues, water soluble, and have a short half life
A
Polypeptide hormones
4
Q
Function of polypeptide hormones
A
Interact with target receptors, trigger second messengers to complete specific action of the hormone
5
Q
derived from amino acids, water soluble, interact with receptors of target cells
A
amines
6
Q
half life of polypeptide hormones
A
<30 minutes
7
Q
Thyroxine (amine) half life
A
7-10 days
8
Q
Catecholamine (amine) half life
A
<1 minute
9
Q
Hormones derived from cholesterol cycoperhydrophenathrene ring structure
A
steroid hormones
10
Q
steroid hormone characteristics
A
hydrophobic
- bound reversibly in blood to carrier proteins
- unbound version is active
11
Q
steroid hormone half life
A
30-90 minutes
12
Q
Originate from anterior pituitary gland, specific from another endocrine gland
ex. TSH targets thyroid gland
A
Tropic hormones
13
Q
Act on peripheral tissue
exert a feedback effect on the hypothalamus or anterior pitutary gland
ex. growth hormone
A
direct effector hormones
14
Q
target receptors
A
- located on cell membrane/cytoplasm
- binding of hormone to receptor initiates a signal, causing a biological response
15
Q
defect in target receptor,,,,
A
- disease
- absence/defect of feedback
ex. goiter formation –> TSH stimulation of thyroid due to decrease in circulating T3 and T4
16
Q
increase in product causes a decrease in the system
- stabilizes a process
- hormone regulation
A
negative feedback
17
Q
increase in product causes increase in activity of system
A
positive feedbakc
18
Q
Disorder with a target gland, in presence of normal stimuli
feedback
A
Primary feedback disorder
19
Q
Target gland functions normal in the presence of stimuli, abnormal in absence of stimuli
A
Secondary feedback disorder
20
Q
Regulation of hormone occurs by controlling rate of _____ rather than rate of _____
A
synthesis, degredation
21
Q
Primary control gland of hormones
A
hypothalamus
22
Q
hypothalamus role in regulation
A
releases hormones that stimulate/inhibit secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
- activated by CNS
- emotion or stress to secrete one or more releasing factors
23
Q
Releases TSH and Prolactin
A
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
24
Q
Releases LH and FSH
A
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
25
Releases ACTH
Corticotropin releasing hormone
26
Releases GH
Growth hormone releasing hormone
27
Inhibits GH and TSH release
Somatostatin
28
Inhibits Prolactin release
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone
29
Small gland located at the base of the skull
| lies within sella turcica
Anterior pitutary
30
Where hormones which target other endocrine gland are stored
Anterior pituitary
31
Stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH). Releases both tropic and direct effector hormones
Posterior pituitary
32
Targets gonads, tropic hormone, function in ovulation and testosterone production
Luteinizing hormone
33
targets gonads, tropic hormone, functions in estrogen synthesis and spermatogenesis
Follicle stimulating hormone
34
Targets thyroid, tropic hormone, stimulates thyroid hormone production
Thyroid stimulating hormone
35
Targets adrenal cortex, tropic hormone, stimulates synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoid hormones
Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
36
Targets liver and bone, direct effector hormone, stimulates tissue growth
Growth hormone
37
Targets breast, direct effector, functions in secretion
Prolactin
38
also called somatotropin, peptide with direct effector functions
Growth hormone
39
inhibited by somatostatin, release is stimulated by GHRH
growth hormone
40
amphibolic
influences both anabolic and catabolic processes
41
growth hormone and metabolism
- effective transition from a fed state to fasting state
- antagonizes effect of insulin on glucose
- hepatic gluconeogenesis
- enhances protein synthesis
42
diurnal variation of growth hormone
- secretion in pulse every 2-3 hours
| - peaks at onset of sleep
43
elevated growth hormone
- adenomas on pituitary
- acromegaly
- artherosclerosis, diabetes, arthritis, hypertension
- shortened life expectancy
44
Decreased growth hormone
- tumors, pituitary abnormalities
| - GH replacement therapy possible
45
Genetic defects with decreased GH
- recessive GHRH gene
- loss of GH gene
- GH insensitivity
- lesions of pituitary or hypothalamus
46
prolactin is stimulated by
TRH
47
prolactin is inhibited by
Prolactin inhibiting factor (dopamine)
48
prolactin elevation symptoms
- tumor
- premenopausal women, menstrual irregularities
- oligospermia/impotence
49
most common pituitary tumor
prolactinoma
50
promotes growth and uptake of iodine by thyroid gland.
TSH
51
under negative feedback control by thyroxine
TSH
52
TSH and hypothyroidism
serum TSH is elevated due to absence of negative feedback
53
adrenal steroids
-glucocorticoids (cortisol)
-mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
androgen (sex hormone precursors)
54
diurnal variation of ACTH
peak: 6-8 am
lowest: 6-11 pm
55
stimulates the production of adrenal steroids
ACTH
56
hypothalamus secreted GNRH which is responsible for secretion of both gonadotropins __ and __
FSH and LG
57
serves to promote ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, and secretion of progesterone and androgens
Luteinizing hormone
58
stimulates growth of follicles and development of seminiferous tubules, spermatogenesis
Follicle-stimulating hormone
59
lactation, stimulates smooth muscle (urine), enhance labor (posterior pituitary hormone)
oxytocin
60
regulates water excretion in renal tubules (posterior pituititary hormone)
vasopressin(ADH)
61
_____ osmolality receptors and blood pressure regulate the release of ______
hypothalamus, vasopressin
62
deficiency of ADH is associated with ______
diabetes insipidus
63
neurogenic/hypothalamuc diabetes insipidus
absence of deficient ADH secretion
64
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Renal resistance to action of ADH, synthesis is normal but renal response is defective
65
continuous production of ADH in the absence of known stimuli
SIADH
66
SIADH causes
tumor, CNS injury, pulmonary disease, infection, stress, drugs
67
SIADH lab results
decreased Na+ (serum)
Decreased serum osmolality
Increased Na+ (urine)
Increased urine osmolality
68
pyramid shaped gland located medial to kidneys
Adrenal glands
69
Anatomy of adrenal glands
inner/outer medulla
| hormones synthesized from cholesterol precursor
70
Adrenal microscopic anatomy
- zona glomerulosa
- zona Fasciculata
- zona Reticularis
- Adrenal medulla
71
Zona _____ is the outermost layer, synthesizes mineralcorticoids
Glomerulosa
72
Zona ______, middle layer, synthesize glucocorticoids
Fasciculata
73
Zona ______, inner layer, secretes gondaocoricoids
Reticularis
74
Adrenal Medulla synthesizes _____
catecholamines
75
G zone hormone (blood pressure and serum potassium)
Aldosterone
76
F zone hormone (Blood pressure and glucose)
Cortisol
77
R zone hormone (virulization and Sex)
Testosterone and Estradol
78
mineralocorticoids
regulate electrolytes, critical for sodium retention, potassium, and acid-base homeostasis
79
Aldosterone
controlled by RAAS, promote potassium secretion, increases plasma sodium, increases water retetention
80
adrenal insuffciency, low glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
Addison's disease
81
Primary Addison's disease
Atrophy or destruction of adrenal cortex. Idiopathic or autosimmune destruction
82
Secondary Addison's disease
Hypothalamic/pituitary disease
83
how to diagnose Addison's disease
ACTH stimulation test
84
Clinical features of addison's disease
decreased cortisol, decreased aldosterone, decreased Na+, increased K+, increased H+, decreased pH, increased ACTH, anemia
85
manifestations of Addison's disease
increased skin pigmentation, tiredness, intestinal issues, hypotension, hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, loss of body hair, depression
86
Hallmarks of Addison's disease
Low cortisol, Low Aldosterone, High Renin, Increased ACTH
87
Conn's Syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism
88
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Aldosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma of adrenal cortex. (decreased renin, hypertension)
89
Secondary hyperaldosteronism
Disorder within RAAS system
90
Conn's Syndrome lab results
- decreased K+
- increased Na+
- increased Aldosterone
- acid/base imbalance (alkalosis)
- decreased renin
91
manifestation of Conn's syndrome
- muscle weakness
- increased urination
- hypertension
- cardiac arrhythmias
92
primary glucocorticoids
cortisol
93
glucocorticoid functions
- insulin antagonist
- mobilizes fat for energy
- break down muscle
- maintain blood pressure
- reduce inflammatory response
- stress response
94
cortisol regulation
hypothalamus secretes CRH, CRH activates ACTH, ACTH controls cortisol production
95
low cortisol = ____ release
increased ACTH
96
prolonged exogenous steroid use
Cushing's syndrome
97
Primary cushing's syndrome
Adrenal adenoma
| Increased cortisol, increased ACTH
98
Secondary cushin's syndrome
Pituitary adenoma
- increased Cortisol
- increased ACTH
99
manifestations of Cushing's syndrome
Weight gain, buffalo hump back, muscle wasting, easy bruising, hypertension, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, increased lipids, decreased HDL
100
Cortisol diurnal variation
Peak: morning
Lowest: late-evening
101
Dexamethasone test
causes suppresion of pituitary output of ACTH and yields lowered morning cortisol
102
Cushing's System and diurnal variation
Loss of diurnal variation, cortisol remains high, negative feedback lost
103
dexamethasone supression test protocol
- measure baseline serum cortisol
- give 1.0 mg of dex at night
- measure serum cortisol next morning
104
dexamethasone suppression test interpretation
- suppression to <5ug/dL rules out Cushing's
| - Patients with Cushing's syndrome will fail to suppress morning cortisol
105
primary hyperaldosteronism hormones
high aldosterone, normal cortisol, low renin
106
secondary hyperaldosteronism
high aldosterone, normal cortisol, high renin
107
addison's disease hormones
low aldosterone, low cortisol, high renin
108
cushing's syndrome hormone
low aldosterone, high cortisol, low renin
109
cotecholamines
nonsteroid, amine-type hormone. Derrived from tyrosine, circulate low levels, rapidly fluctuate
110
catecholamine hormones
norepinephrine, noradrenaline, epinphrine, adrenaline, dopamine
111
pheochromocytoma
tumor in neurochromaffin cells of adrenal medulla that produces excess catecholamines, causes hypertension, headache, sweating, anxiety
112
neuroblastoma
common malignant tumor in pediatric patients, tachycardia, diarrhea. Increased VMA, HVA
113
testosterone
maintains secondary sex characteristics and sperm, 95% bound to albumin
114
hormonal control of testicular function
hypothalamus generates GNRH in pulse-like fashion, GNRH is released an determine rate of production of LH and FSH, LH and FSH activate testosterone production,
115
Klinefelter's syndrome XXY
Impotence, decreased testosterone, increased FSH and LH. Gynecomastia, type 2 diabetes
116
estrogen functions
promotes breast, uterine, vaginal development. Secondary sex characteristics, produced by placenta and ovaries
117
Progesterone function
prepares endometrium for implantation, responsible for increase in body temperature at time of ovulation
118
FSH function
promote growth of follicles, stimulates estrogen production
119
LH functions
triggers ovulation
120
estradiol (E2)
Primary sex hormone of childbearing women, aids in release of egg from ovaries, reduction causes hot flashes and night sweats
121
estriol (E3)
Secreted from placenta during pregnancy
122
Estrone (E1)
Main estrogen present after menopause
123
hormone high in follicular phase of menses
FSH
124
hormone high in mid-cycle
LH
125
hormone high in luteal phase of menses
progesterone
126
hCG
classic hormone marker of pregnancy
127
human placental lactogen
produced by placenta
aids in hCG estrogen and progesterone synthesis
mammary gland development
128
progesterone and uterus
Promote growth and thickening and ensures adequate uterine blood supply and helps maintain endometrium
129
amenorrhea
absence of menses
130
primary amenorrhea
never menstruated by age 16
131
secondary ammenorhea
had at least one menstrual cycle but ceases for at least six months
132
oligomenorrhea
irregular menses
| cycle length 35-40 days
133
menorrhagia
uterine bleeding >7 days
134
polycystic ovary syndrome
infertility, hirsutim, anovulation glucose intolerance, hypertension
cysts on ovaries
135
hirsutism
male pattern growth in women, loss of female sex characteristics
136
hyperesterinism
overproduction of estrogen
137
hypoestrinism
decreased estrogen
| ex. Turner syndrome
138
lab tests for reproductive disorders
- total testosterone
- total estrogen
- unconjugated estriol
139
stimulation test (endocrine)
evaluates suspected hypo functioning gland. ex. ACTH stimulation test
140
suppression test (endocrine hormone assessment)
evaluate suspected hyper functioning gland. Dexamethasone test for Cushing syndrome
141
excess growth hormone
gigantism
142
growth hormone deficiency
dwarfism
143
ADH deficiency
D. insipidus
144
ADH excess
SIADH
145
thyroid hormone deficiency
hypothyroidism
146
thyroid hormone excess
hyperthyroidism
147
parathyroid hormone deficiency
hypoparathyroidism (RARE)
148
parathyroid hormone excess
hyperparathyroidism
149
parathyroid hormone excess
hyperparathyroidism
150
gucocorticoid deficiency
Addison's disease
151
glucocorticoid excess
Cushing's syndrome
152
ACTH deficiency
Addison's disease (Secondary)
153
ACTH excess
Cushing's syndrome
154
Mineralcorticoids deficiency
Addison't disease
155
Mineralocorticoids excess
Conn's Syndrome
156
Insulin deficiency
D. melltius
157
Insulin excess
Insulin shock
