Tumor Immunology - Binder

Question 1

Neoplasm refers to:

Answer 1

Abnormal mass of tissue that proliferates and persists even after withdraw of the stimulus that produced it.

Question 2

Most mutations are somatic

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Stages of tumors

Answer 3

Initiation: Acquisition of mutations

Promotion: Exposure to promoting agents resulting in appearance of neoplastic cells

Progression: Development of invasive growth resulting in aggressive metastasizing cancer.

Question 4

Method to measure tumor growth

Answer 4

Tumor control index

Question 5

Cancer immunosurveillace hypothesis

Answer 5

The immune system is continually recognizing and responding to tumor antigens.

Evidence: Patients on immunosuppressive drugs develop cancers at far higher rates.

Question 6

Cycle of tumor immunosurveillance

Answer 6

1. Tumor cell death releases tumor antigens
2. Tumor antigen picked up by APC
3. APC travels to lymph node to prime T-cells
4. T-cell migrates to the tissue
5. Infiltration of tumor by T-cells
6. Recognition of tumor MHC-peptide
7. Killing of tumor cell

Question 7

Tumor rejection antigens

Answer 7

Molecules on tumors recognized by immune system. Not all tumor antigens are rejection antigens and they vary in potency. ``

Question 8

Tumor rejection antigens are unique

Answer 8

Rejection antigens are specific to the type of tumor they originated in. For example, a mouse immunized with tumor antigen A will not be protected from growing tumor B.

Question 9

Tumor rejection antigens are unique and specific even when:

Answer 9

From the same tissue
Induced by the same mutagen
Induced in the same strain of mouse

Question 10

Shared antigens

Answer 10

Weak immunity to the unique antigen of another tumor. Not typically protective.

Question 11

Metric for how immunogenic a neoantigen is?

Answer 11

IC50 – How well it fits in the MHC peptide groove. Doesn’t work –> Weak antigens still bind well to MHC

Question 12

Better metric for how immunogenic a neoantigen is?

Answer 12

Differential aggretope index – Difference between the affinity of mutated peptide vs. wt peptide for MHC. If difference is great, the epitope is very different from what immune system has ever seen and creates a strong immune response.

Question 13

What can code for tumor antigens

Answer 13

1. Mutant cellular genes
2. Normal cellular genes (overexpressed)
3. Viral genes

Question 14

Reverse immunology

Answer 14

Find the mutation, then predict the antigen

Question 15

B16 is a ____ tumor

Answer 15

Progressive tumor, weakly immunogenic

Question 16

SVB6 is a ____ tumor

Answer 16

Regressive tumor, highly immunogenic

Question 17

Mouse tumors are more immunogenic than human tumors.

Answer 17

False

Question 18

It is feasible to determine the immunogenicity of human tumors.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

Dose of the carcinogen is usually ____ proportional to the immunogenicity of the tumor.

Answer 19

Directly.

Question 20

Tumor rejection is primarily mediated by ____ immunity.

Answer 20

Adaptive

Question 21

Passive transfer of tumor-specific antibodies is an effective treatment for tumors.

Answer 21

False

Question 22

Transfer of tumor-specific T-cells can give immunity to naiive subjects

Answer 22

True

Question 23

NK cells have been shown to be ____ successful in tumor therapies

Answer 23

Moderately

Question 24

Vaccine used to treat bladder cancer

Answer 24

BCG

Question 25

Tumor immunotherapy typically precedes surgical removal

Answer 25

False

Question 26

Poor immunogenicity does not mean that cancer is insensitive to immunotherapy.

Answer 26

True – Need better immunization strategy.

Question 27

Other mechanisms to invoke tumor immunogenicity

Answer 27

Cytokine transduction, dendritic cell vaccines, adoptive transfer of T-cells

Question 28

Developed tumors have already adapted to escape the host immune system.

Answer 28

True