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Micro 1 > tumor immunology > Flashcards

tumor immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Tumor

A

cells with uncontrolled cell growth

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2
Q

Cancer

A

when a tumor continues to grow and invade healthy tissue.

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3
Q

Oncology

A

the study of tumors

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4
Q

Benin tumors

A

localized, encapsulated, limited size

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5
Q

Malignant tumors

A

continue to increase in size, invade adjacent tissues

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6
Q

Metastasis

A

enter the circulation and spread

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7
Q

Carcinoma

A

endodermal/ ectodermal origin

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8
Q

Sarcoma

A

other cell types : mesodermal origin

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9
Q

Leukaemia

A

circulating cells of the immune system

Hematopoietic origin

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10
Q

Lymphoma

A

solid lymphoid tissue

Hematopoietic origin

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11
Q

Myeloma

A

bone marrow (plasma cell)

Hematopoietic origin

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12
Q

Metastasis

A

spread to distant organs

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13
Q

Normal Cell Growth promoting

A

Proto-oncogenes

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14
Q

Normal Cell Growth restricting

A

Tumor-suppressor genes

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15
Q

Molecular Basis of Cancer

A

Mutation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes

Altered tumor-suppressor genes:
* p53 mutation

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16
Q

Colorectal cancer

A

successive mutations of several (5-6) independent genes

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17
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma

A

Gene Translocation

Expression of MYC gene is altered

associated with a viral infection – Epstein Barr virus

18
Q

Failure of the immune system ->

A

Tumor

19
Q

What are tumor antigens

A
  1. Tumor Specific Antigens (TSAs)

2. Tumor Associated Antigens (TAAs)

20
Q

Tumor Specific Antigens (TSAs)

A

found only on cancer cells

may arise due to: 

  • Mutation (Mutated P53)
  • Viral antigens (ooncogenic viruses)
21
Q

Tumor Associated Antigens (TAAs)

A

expressed only at certain stage of differentiation

or

Over expression of a normal antigen

22
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

A

secreted by fetal liver

23
Q

Carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA )

A

Found in the gut, liver and pancreas of fetus. Detected at low level in healthy adults

24
Q

Cancer/testis antigen: (CT antigen)

A

expressed on immature sperm cells or trophoblasts ( in early embryo) but not is somatic cells

25
Q

Melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE)

A

normally expressed on cells of testis (immunologically privileged site)

26
Q

How Tumor Avoid Immune Attack

A
  • MHC I down-regulated – loss of CTL (CD8)
  • Antigen-less variants OR antigen variant (mutated)
  • Antigen masking by sialic acid containing mucopolysaccharides
  • Lack of co-stimulatory molecules (B7) – T cell anergy
  • FasL expression – T cell apoptosis
  • TGF-β production: suppress Th1 and promote T-reg
  • Suppress the immune system by recruiting T-reg – which produce down regulating cytokines, TGF-β , IL-10
  • Manipulating/ shedding – MIC (MHC I associated chain or Stress induced molecules (known as Killer activating ligand)
  • Cancer of privileged sites
27
Q

TGF-β, IL-10

A

suppresses auto-reactive T cells by TREG

28
Q

High frequency of Treg

A

indicates a poor prognosis

29
Q

Abnormally high level of monoclonal Ig

A

indicate a plasma cell tumor

30
Q

Detection of alpha-Fetoprotein ( AFP)

A

associated with liver cancer

31
Q

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

A

indicate malignancy – several, colorectal, pancreas etc

32
Q

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

A

indicate prostate cancer

33
Q

Cancer antigen -125 (CA-125)

A

ssociated with ovarian cancer, uterine (fallopian) tubes, endometrium (lining of the uterus), lung, breast, and gastrointestinal tract

34
Q

Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibody B72.3

A

recognizes all human carcinomas – used in tumor localization

35
Q

IFN-alpha

A

NK cell activation

36
Q

IFN-gamma

A

activates CTL, up-regulates MHC expression

37
Q

IL-2

A

T cell, NK cell proliferation

38
Q

Increasing co-stimulation

A

Anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibodies

39
Q

BCG – induce inflammation

A

bladder cancer therapy

40
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

target the immunosuppressive mediators secreted by tumor

*** anti-TGF-beta

41
Q

Anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies, with or without conjugation to toxic drug, radiation

A

immunotoxins

Micro 1 (15 decks)

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