Tuks Arch Test terms

Question 1

What is biophilic design

Answer 1

• increases our connectivity to the natural environment
• through the use of direct nature, indirect nature, and space and place conditions.

Question 2

Origins of biophilic Design

Answer 2

Terramai

• introduced by E.O. Wilson, American biologist at Harvard in his 1984 book Biophilia
• tendency of human beings to be attracted to nature

that psychological health is linked to nature relatedness

A leading advocate of biophilic design was ecology Professor Steven R Kellert.

1995 at a Herman Miller manufacturing facility: natural skylight
William McDonough + Partners

Question 3

What is cantilever

Answer 3

a protruding volume or beam that is attached to a structure at only one end.

Cantilever construction allows overhanging structures without additional support.

Question 4

Origin of cantilever

Answer 4

The first cantilever bridge was built in the late 1800s by Heinrich Gerber in Germany

based his ideas on ancient Chinese bridges

Question 5

Flemish bond (think of an English Brick house)

Answer 5

a pattern of bricks in a wall in which each course consists of alternate headers and stretchers.

Stretcher bond is the one with equal sized bricks
Flemish alternates the length (stretcher) and the width (header)
English does one row stretchers and one row headers

Question 6

Origin of Flemish bond

Answer 6

late medieval buildings, Poland
late 17th century onwards and less so after the mid 19th centuries

Georgian period
Lime mortar, bonding material, colour

Virginia
in 18th century: Virginia houses and churches made use of glazed headers (bricks are ceramics) to give a lively checkered effect to the wall surface

brick kilns were normally fueled with oak
chemical reaction with the clay = blue-gray glazes on the header, colourful contrast

provide greater aesthetic appearance on the front surface with required strength in the brickwork with English bond

Question 7

Ha-ha ditch

Answer 7

a type of sunken fence that was commonly used in landscaped gardens and parks in the 18th century

illusion of an unbroken, continuous rolling lawn, whilst providing boundaries for grazing livestock.

the wall creates a secure barrier unseen from the open garden above.

Question 8

origin of ha-ha ditch

Answer 8

18th century
they were commonly used in deer parks in England to allow deer to leap into an area but which would not allow them to leave.

used for landscape

Question 9

Kintsugi

Answer 9

Japanese art
repairing broken pottery by mending the areas of breakage
lacquer dusted or mixed with powdered gold, silver, or platinum

to join with gold”, is a reminder to stay optimistic

Question 10

Origin of Kintsugi

Answer 10

Japanese legend of Ashikaga Yoshimasa, the eighth shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate after breaking his favourite cup of tea sent it to China to get it repaired.

Japan when associated with the practice of tea in the late 16th century

Question 11

Lekgotla

Answer 11

a meeting place for village assemblies, court cases, and meetings of village leaders. 2. a conference or business meeting

traditional concept of elders gathering to ponder

architecture of the Constitutional Court. circular, sense of connection (values traditional means of meeting, encourages debate)

Question 12

Origin of Lekgotla

Answer 12

Setswana

removing physical and emotional barriers, the new open space facilitates dialogue and collaboration

Question 13

Palimpsest meaning

Answer 13

a re-editing process
the existing layers of objects or traces were covered or removed
partially or completely

architectural heritage can be understood as accumulation of layers

palimpsest could effectively modify the interpretation of it

like remodeling, renewals

Question 14

Palimpsest origin

Answer 14

in literature
the text has been scraped or washed off in preparation for reuse, in the form of another document.

Question 15

recycle meaning

Answer 15

convert (waste) into reusable material.

return (material) to a previous stage in a cyclic process.

use a recycled product as a building element

reuse the construction waste back into another construction.

Question 16

Architectural Recycling origin

Answer 16

Roman empire Emperor Augustus removed parts of the obelisk and put it in the Circus Maximus.

Parts of the ancient Egyptian pyramids have been distributed throughout Europe and North America to be used as parts of public buildings and spaces such as a piece located in Central Park in New York

Question 17

urban agriculture meaning

Answer 17

farming within an urban environment (city or town)

the cultivation of food crops for human consumption.

production, processing, marketing, and delivery of farming products.

are reconnecting cities with nature through urban farming.

Question 18

urban argiculture origin

Answer 18

3500 BCE Mesopotamia. Indeed, farmers set aside small plots of land for farming within the city’s walls.

Question 19

upcycling meaning

Answer 19

reuse (discarded objects or material)

to create a product of higher quality or value than the original.

Question 20

upcycling origin

Answer 20

During World War II, the British

clothing rationing on June 1, 1941

Make Do and Mend

campaign encouraged citizens to upcycle and recycle clothing in an attempt to make their clothing supplies last longer.