Trust Flashcards
Piaget referred to children as autodidacts, what does this mean?
Children learn primarily from own exploration and active interpretation. Verbal input learning likely to be shallow
Vygotsky opposed Piaget, arguing that whilst children are ________, the importance in learning is on __________________________________.
Vygotsky - children are curious but importance in learning is the influences around them
Vygotsky proposed what to processes in infant-adult interaction?
Explain them
Collaborative dialogue
Scaffolding - adults give careful tailored support to children who model them
Paul Harris argues that __________ is important in gaining info from others?
Testimony
What 4 things do we rely on the testimony of others for?
Give examples
General knowledge - science
specific info - time
Cultural norms - manners
personal info - name
Learning from others can be gathered ____________, such as teaching, __________ such as in a conversation, or _________ through a book
Formal - teaching
Informally - convos
Indirectly - book, tv
One issue with the testimony of others is that it may not always be __________, which is why we need epistemic vigilance.
Epistemic Vigilance refers to what?
Testimony not always reliable
The balance between taking in information but also being weary of others. Only taking in necessary info
When taking in testimony from someone, we need to be aware of where they lie in terms of their ___________ and ___________
their competence and benevolence
Historical perspectives of children label them as _________, not knowing good _____ from bad ______.
Historically infants/children represented ads gullible not knowing good sources from bad sources
Children can display skepticism from young. give 2 examples?
16 months they reject false labels of things
3-4 year olds reject claims different to own perceptual judgement
Social referencing in infants refers to what? Give an example of how this works in a task
Use mother as a referencing point to gage how safe/dangerous a task is
If mother looks supportive, task deemed safe, if mother looks concerned or fearful, task seemed unsafe
Tamis-lemonda found that __ month olds will reject their mothers incorrect judgement when the task is _______, but agree when the task is ____________.
18 month olds will reject mothers judgement when task is obvious
accept when task is ambiguous
The unknown animal task showed that when the task obvious, children will __________________________________________. However when they have less __________ and the task is _________, children will accept others _______ even if they lack __________.
Obvious task = more info = will use own judgement on task
Ambiguous task = less info = will accept implausible claims
3 year olds still believed the testimony of an unreliable adult after how many trials?
A 2
B 8
C 10
D 14
B 8 trials
What are 2 reasons why children may be gullible?
responding skeptically requires inhibiting normally appropriate expectations
responding skeptically requires knowledge others are out to deceive
Selective trust of individuals requires what 3 things?
Sensitivity to cues about competence/honesty
Linking past honesty/competence to future reliability
keeping person specific tabs of info to guide selective trust
Koenig et al 2004 showed that 3-4 year olds prefer info from someone who was previously _________ rather than _________
prefer previously accurate rather than inaccurate
At 3 years children only have _______ conceptions of individual accuracy, however at 4 years children are sensitive to ________ ________ of accuracy. At age 7 this ability increases in ________>
3 years only binary - either inaccurate or accurate
4 years - sensitive to relative frequencies
7 years = even more sensitive
Accuracy of the information source is ________, as they will trust a person regardless of prior _________ if they are the only source of info.
All relative - they will trust person regardless of prior reliability if they are the only person there
Indicators of reliability may be rational, and some may be biases. Give 2 examples of each. At 4 years of age however _____ _________ supercedes indicators such as ____, ______, ________ and __________.
Rational = uniformed, familiar people
Biases = gender, attractiveness
At age 4 past accuracy supercedes indicators such as accent, age, familiarity and gender
