Trust

Question 1

Piaget referred to children as autodidacts, what does this mean?

Answer 1

Children learn primarily from own exploration and active interpretation. Verbal input learning likely to be shallow

Question 2

Vygotsky opposed Piaget, arguing that whilst children are ________, the importance in learning is on __________________________________.

Answer 2

Vygotsky - children are curious but importance in learning is the influences around them

Question 3

Vygotsky proposed what to processes in infant-adult interaction?
Explain them

Answer 3

Collaborative dialogue
Scaffolding - adults give careful tailored support to children who model them

Question 4

Paul Harris argues that __________ is important in gaining info from others?

Answer 4

Testimony

Question 5

What 4 things do we rely on the testimony of others for?
Give examples

Answer 5

General knowledge - science
specific info - time
Cultural norms - manners
personal info - name

Question 6

Learning from others can be gathered ____________, such as teaching, __________ such as in a conversation, or _________ through a book

Answer 6

Formal - teaching
Informally - convos
Indirectly - book, tv

Question 7

One issue with the testimony of others is that it may not always be __________, which is why we need epistemic vigilance.
Epistemic Vigilance refers to what?

Answer 7

Testimony not always reliable
The balance between taking in information but also being weary of others. Only taking in necessary info

Question 8

When taking in testimony from someone, we need to be aware of where they lie in terms of their ___________ and ___________

Answer 8

their competence and benevolence

Question 9

Historical perspectives of children label them as _________, not knowing good _____ from bad ______.

Answer 9

Historically infants/children represented ads gullible not knowing good sources from bad sources

Question 10

Children can display skepticism from young. give 2 examples?

Answer 10

16 months they reject false labels of things
3-4 year olds reject claims different to own perceptual judgement

Question 11

Social referencing in infants refers to what? Give an example of how this works in a task

Answer 11

Use mother as a referencing point to gage how safe/dangerous a task is
If mother looks supportive, task deemed safe, if mother looks concerned or fearful, task seemed unsafe

Question 12

Tamis-lemonda found that __ month olds will reject their mothers incorrect judgement when the task is _______, but agree when the task is ____________.

Answer 12

18 month olds will reject mothers judgement when task is obvious
accept when task is ambiguous

Question 13

The unknown animal task showed that when the task obvious, children will __________________________________________. However when they have less __________ and the task is _________, children will accept others _______ even if they lack __________.

Answer 13

Obvious task = more info = will use own judgement on task
Ambiguous task = less info = will accept implausible claims

Question 14

3 year olds still believed the testimony of an unreliable adult after how many trials?

A 2
B 8
C 10
D 14

Answer 14

B 8 trials

Question 15

What are 2 reasons why children may be gullible?

Answer 15

responding skeptically requires inhibiting normally appropriate expectations
responding skeptically requires knowledge others are out to deceive

Question 16

Selective trust of individuals requires what 3 things?

Answer 16

Sensitivity to cues about competence/honesty
Linking past honesty/competence to future reliability
keeping person specific tabs of info to guide selective trust

Question 17

Koenig et al 2004 showed that 3-4 year olds prefer info from someone who was previously _________ rather than _________

Answer 17

prefer previously accurate rather than inaccurate

Question 18

At 3 years children only have _______ conceptions of individual accuracy, however at 4 years children are sensitive to ________ ________ of accuracy. At age 7 this ability increases in ________>

Answer 18

3 years only binary - either inaccurate or accurate
4 years - sensitive to relative frequencies
7 years = even more sensitive

Question 19

Accuracy of the information source is ________, as they will trust a person regardless of prior _________ if they are the only source of info.

Answer 19

All relative - they will trust person regardless of prior reliability if they are the only person there

Question 20

Indicators of reliability may be rational, and some may be biases. Give 2 examples of each. At 4 years of age however _____ _________ supercedes indicators such as ____, ______, ________ and __________.

Answer 20

Rational = uniformed, familiar people
Biases = gender, attractiveness
At age 4 past accuracy supercedes indicators such as accent, age, familiarity and gender