Theories of autism

Question 1

_% of the population is diagnoses as autistic, however many people may go _________

Answer 1

1% of the population is autistic however many people may go undiagnosed

Question 2

True or false, ASD is recognised by the DSM-V criteria?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Asperger’s syndrome refers to people on the ________, without any ______ delay or _______ ________.

Answer 3

Asperger’s syndrome = people on the spectrum but without any language delay or learning disabilities

Question 4

Section A of the DSM-V criteria for autism refers to deficits in ________ _________ and _______ across a variety of ________.

Answer 4

Section A = deficits in social communication and language across a variety of contexts

Question 5

Which of these is not a communication and interaction deficit (section A) of the DSM V criteria?
A Deficits in social/emotional reciprocity
B Deficits in non-verbal communications used for interactions
C Deficits in processing trauma
D Deficits in developing and maintaining relationships

Answer 5

C Deficits in trauma processing

Question 6

Section B of the DSM V criteria refers to what aspect of autism?

Answer 6

Restrictive and repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities

Question 7

What is section D of the DSM V criteria?
A Symptoms must be presented in early developmental period
B Symptoms cause clinical impairment in daily functioning (social and occupational)
C Symptoms not b explained by intellectual disability or other global development delay.
D Deficits in social communication and interactions

Answer 7

B

Question 8

What is the ToM theory of autism?

Answer 8

Autism is a failure to understand and represent others feelings and beliefs

Question 9

In the false belief task, people of the same age, ASD people perform worse (20%) than both _____________ as well as people with ______ ________, who perform at __% pass rate.

Answer 9

ASD people have worse performance than neurotypicals as well as downs syndrome people

Question 10

Klin et al shoed that autistic people have difficulties in applying ______ states to ________ objects and ________ shapes compared to neurotypical children.

Answer 10

ASD people have difficulties applying mental states to inanimate objects and geometric shapes

Question 11

De Gelder criticised what aspect of Klin’s inanimate objects feelings task?

Answer 11

The task to test ToM involves make believe, something children already have difficulties in

Question 12

Perner et al showed that children have widespread deficits in ToM tasks, even difficulty in acknowledging ____ ___ ______.

Answer 12

even have difficulties in acknowledging their own belief

Question 13

What is a supporting argument for the ToM hypothesis?
However one criticism of the hypothesis is what?

Answer 13

accurately explains symptoms and convincing
however autistic people still pass ToM tasksn

Question 14

Sparrevohn and Howie showed autistic children with what ability were able to pass false belief tasks?

A Higher emotional intellgence
B Better mathematical understanding
C Better at making friends
D Higher verbal mental age

Answer 14

D higher verbal mental age

Question 15

Happe (1995) shoed that autistic children with a verbal mental age of ___ were able to pass FB tasks better than normal children of __ years.

Answer 15

Autistic children with verbal mental age of 12 better at passing FB tasks than normal children aged 4

Question 16

Asking a child where John thinks Mary thinks the ice cream truck is, is an example of ______ ______ FB task.
Asking a child where Mary thinks the ice cream truck is, is an example of a _____ ______ FB task.

Answer 16

John>Mary> Ice cream = second order false belief task
Mary> ice cream = first order FB task - autistic children better at this

Question 17

Children with _____ may pass first order FB tasks, but fail second order tasks, however children with _______ ______ may pass first and second order false belief tasks.

Answer 17

Autistic = fail 2nd order, may pass 1st order
Asperger’s - may pass 2nd order

Question 18

What 2 main pieces of evidence suggest that ASD isnt equal to an impairment in ToM?

Answer 18

ASD people can pass ToM and false belief tasks
Non ASD people with visual and auditory deficits can fail FB tasks

Question 19

The Executive dysfunction hypothesis suggests that autism involves deficits in _______ control, ______ and _______. The hypothesis claims to explain both _______ and non-_______ symptoms .

Answer 19

Autism involves deficits in executive control, memory and planning
can explain social and non-social deficits

Question 20

The ToM hypothesis is good at explaining Section A (DSM V) defictis, such as deficits in ______ __________, however cannot account for what?

Answer 20

Repetetive behaviour pattterns
insistence on sameness

Question 21

Which of these tasks/abilities does executive control cover?

A Inhibition of irrelevant responses
B Set maintenance
C Flexibility of search
D all of the above

Answer 21

D all of the above

Question 22

Planning abilities can be seen in the ______ of _______ task, and set shifting abilities can be seen in the ________ _____ ______ test

Answer 22

Tower of Hanoi task
Wisconsin card sorting test

Question 23

Ozonoff (1991) shoed that _______ _____ tests are better at discriminating between autistic and non-autistic children than _____ _ _____ tests

Answer 23

Executive control tests> theory of mind tests for autism

Question 24

Russel et al (1991) suggested that failing FB tasks in autism are due to a failure to ________?

A Failure to Inhibit
B Failure to have insight
C Failure to remember
D Failure to integrate

Answer 24

A failure to inhibit

Question 25

Similar to Tom deficits, executive dysfunction is not _______ or ________to ASD.
Children with ASD can ______ executive control tasks, and children without ASD can _____ at executive control tasks.

Answer 25

Executive dysfunction not unique or universal to ASD
Pass
Fail

Question 26

the executive dysfunction hypothesis can be described as not specific, not unique and not universal. What is an example of lacking specificity?

A Some children with autism may not show executive dysfunction
B Children without autism can have executive dysfunction
C Children can show Executive dysfunction in some tasks but fail in others
D all of the above

Answer 26

C

Question 27

What 4 things does Executive dysfunction theory fail to explain?

Answer 27

Savant abilities
Uneven intellectual profile
heightened perception
non-social features

Question 28

What does weak central coherence theory of autism suggest?

Answer 28

preference for local details rather than processing global details or context

Question 29

What 3 social processing issues does the weak central coherence theory explain in autism?

Answer 29

Language processing
failure to pick up on sarcasm/irony
literal interpretations

Question 30

What 2 perceptual differences does weak central coherence theory explain in autism?

Answer 30

Autism people faster at embedded figures task than normal
autistic people can solve jigsaw as fast upside down as normal

Question 31

Weak central coherence theory ahs good _______, but lacks _______ and is not_________.

Answer 31

WCC theory good specificity
but lacks uniqueness and is not universal

Question 32

What is the difference between the social and medical model of autism?

Answer 32

medical model - difficulties experienced by ASD people come from within - need to help individual from within.
social model - difficulties faced by autistic individual only occur if environment not adjusted for their needs. need to change environment to help individual

Question 33

the double empathy problem suggests what?
How does this apply to autism

Answer 33

when people with different experiences in the world try to connect they will struggle to empathise
autistic non-autistic interactions lack empathy

Question 34

Crompton et al showed that autistic communication chains were actually _____ ________, than mixed diffusion chains, and slightly better than ___-_______ communication chains

Answer 34

autistic communications chains more efficient than mixed chains and non-autistic chains of communication

Question 35

Season et al found that non-autistic people rate autistic people as less ________ ________ than normal people when viewing ______.

Answer 35

non-autistic people rate autistic people as less socially favourable than normal

Question 36

Children with shared similar autistic traits find it ____________________

A Harder to make friendships
B Easier to make friendships
C impossible to make friendships
D none of the above

Answer 36

B Easier to make friendships when traits are similar

Question 37

The transporters studied showed trains with what altered aspect

A Trains with human faces
B Trains with animal faces
C Trains with cartoon faces
D Trains with no faces

Answer 37

A Trains with human faces

Question 38

Studies have shown that children who watched ‘ transporters’ improved in emotional ________ and _________.

Answer 38

improvements in emotional recognition and vocabulary

Question 39

What are 3 main interventions to help autistic people and decrease severity of symptoms?

Answer 39

Intervening early with communication and emotion processing
Applied behavioural analysis
societal interventions

Question 40

Societal interventions of autism look to close the _______ gap, such as in ______ ______ training

Answer 40

closing the empathy gap
such as autism acceptance training

Question 41

Applied behavioural analysis may be harmful as it teaches autistic children to do what?

Answer 41

suppression of unwanted behaviours

Question 42

Autism acceptance training aims to create more positive ______ of autistic people and their _______. It reduces ______ and ________ and increases social _______.

Answer 42

creating more positive perceptions of autistic adults and their abilities
reduces stigma and misconceptions and increases social interest