Theories of autism Flashcards

1
Q

_% of the population is diagnoses as autistic, however many people may go _________

A

1% of the population is autistic however many people may go undiagnosed

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2
Q

True or false, ASD is recognised by the DSM-V criteria?

A

True

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3
Q

Asperger’s syndrome refers to people on the ________, without any ______ delay or _______ ________.

A

Asperger’s syndrome = people on the spectrum but without any language delay or learning disabilities

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4
Q

Section A of the DSM-V criteria for autism refers to deficits in ________ _________ and _______ across a variety of ________.

A

Section A = deficits in social communication and language across a variety of contexts

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5
Q

Which of these is not a communication and interaction deficit (section A) of the DSM V criteria?
A Deficits in social/emotional reciprocity
B Deficits in non-verbal communications used for interactions
C Deficits in processing trauma
D Deficits in developing and maintaining relationships

A

C Deficits in trauma processing

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6
Q

Section B of the DSM V criteria refers to what aspect of autism?

A

Restrictive and repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities

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7
Q

What is section D of the DSM V criteria?
A Symptoms must be presented in early developmental period
B Symptoms cause clinical impairment in daily functioning (social and occupational)
C Symptoms not b explained by intellectual disability or other global development delay.
D Deficits in social communication and interactions

A

B

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8
Q

What is the ToM theory of autism?

A

Autism is a failure to understand and represent others feelings and beliefs

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9
Q

In the false belief task, people of the same age, ASD people perform worse (20%) than both _____________ as well as people with ______ ________, who perform at __% pass rate.

A

ASD people have worse performance than neurotypicals as well as downs syndrome people

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10
Q

Klin et al shoed that autistic people have difficulties in applying ______ states to ________ objects and ________ shapes compared to neurotypical children.

A

ASD people have difficulties applying mental states to inanimate objects and geometric shapes

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11
Q

De Gelder criticised what aspect of Klin’s inanimate objects feelings task?

A

The task to test ToM involves make believe, something children already have difficulties in

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12
Q

Perner et al showed that children have widespread deficits in ToM tasks, even difficulty in acknowledging ____ ___ ______.

A

even have difficulties in acknowledging their own belief

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13
Q

What is a supporting argument for the ToM hypothesis?
However one criticism of the hypothesis is what?

A

accurately explains symptoms and convincing
however autistic people still pass ToM tasksn

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14
Q

Sparrevohn and Howie showed autistic children with what ability were able to pass false belief tasks?

A Higher emotional intellgence
B Better mathematical understanding
C Better at making friends
D Higher verbal mental age

A

D higher verbal mental age

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15
Q

Happe (1995) shoed that autistic children with a verbal mental age of ___ were able to pass FB tasks better than normal children of __ years.

A

Autistic children with verbal mental age of 12 better at passing FB tasks than normal children aged 4

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16
Q

Asking a child where John thinks Mary thinks the ice cream truck is, is an example of ______ ______ FB task.
Asking a child where Mary thinks the ice cream truck is, is an example of a _____ ______ FB task.

A

John>Mary> Ice cream = second order false belief task
Mary> ice cream = first order FB task - autistic children better at this

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17
Q

Children with _____ may pass first order FB tasks, but fail second order tasks, however children with _______ ______ may pass first and second order false belief tasks.

A

Autistic = fail 2nd order, may pass 1st order
Asperger’s - may pass 2nd order

18
Q

What 2 main pieces of evidence suggest that ASD isnt equal to an impairment in ToM?

A

ASD people can pass ToM and false belief tasks
Non ASD people with visual and auditory deficits can fail FB tasks

19
Q

The Executive dysfunction hypothesis suggests that autism involves deficits in _______ control, ______ and _______. The hypothesis claims to explain both _______ and non-_______ symptoms .

A

Autism involves deficits in executive control, memory and planning
can explain social and non-social deficits

20
Q

The ToM hypothesis is good at explaining Section A (DSM V) defictis, such as deficits in ______ __________, however cannot account for what?

A

Repetetive behaviour pattterns
insistence on sameness

21
Q

Which of these tasks/abilities does executive control cover?

A Inhibition of irrelevant responses
B Set maintenance
C Flexibility of search
D all of the above

A

D all of the above

22
Q

Planning abilities can be seen in the ______ of _______ task, and set shifting abilities can be seen in the ________ _____ ______ test

A

Tower of Hanoi task
Wisconsin card sorting test

23
Q

Ozonoff (1991) shoed that _______ _____ tests are better at discriminating between autistic and non-autistic children than _____ _ _____ tests

A

Executive control tests> theory of mind tests for autism

24
Q

Russel et al (1991) suggested that failing FB tasks in autism are due to a failure to ________?

A Failure to Inhibit
B Failure to have insight
C Failure to remember
D Failure to integrate

A

A failure to inhibit

25
Q

Similar to Tom deficits, executive dysfunction is not _______ or ________to ASD.
Children with ASD can ______ executive control tasks, and children without ASD can _____ at executive control tasks.

A

Executive dysfunction not unique or universal to ASD
Pass
Fail

26
Q

the executive dysfunction hypothesis can be described as not specific, not unique and not universal. What is an example of lacking specificity?

A Some children with autism may not show executive dysfunction
B Children without autism can have executive dysfunction
C Children can show Executive dysfunction in some tasks but fail in others
D all of the above

A

C

27
Q

What 4 things does Executive dysfunction theory fail to explain?

A

Savant abilities
Uneven intellectual profile
heightened perception
non-social features

28
Q

What does weak central coherence theory of autism suggest?

A

preference for local details rather than processing global details or context

29
Q

What 3 social processing issues does the weak central coherence theory explain in autism?

A

Language processing
failure to pick up on sarcasm/irony
literal interpretations

30
Q

What 2 perceptual differences does weak central coherence theory explain in autism?

A

Autism people faster at embedded figures task than normal
autistic people can solve jigsaw as fast upside down as normal

31
Q

Weak central coherence theory ahs good _______, but lacks _______ and is not_________.

A

WCC theory good specificity
but lacks uniqueness and is not universal

32
Q

What is the difference between the social and medical model of autism?

A

medical model - difficulties experienced by ASD people come from within - need to help individual from within.
social model - difficulties faced by autistic individual only occur if environment not adjusted for their needs. need to change environment to help individual

33
Q

the double empathy problem suggests what?
How does this apply to autism

A

when people with different experiences in the world try to connect they will struggle to empathise
autistic non-autistic interactions lack empathy

34
Q

Crompton et al showed that autistic communication chains were actually _____ ________, than mixed diffusion chains, and slightly better than ___-_______ communication chains

A

autistic communications chains more efficient than mixed chains and non-autistic chains of communication

35
Q

Season et al found that non-autistic people rate autistic people as less ________ ________ than normal people when viewing ______.

A

non-autistic people rate autistic people as less socially favourable than normal

36
Q

Children with shared similar autistic traits find it ____________________

A Harder to make friendships
B Easier to make friendships
C impossible to make friendships
D none of the above

A

B Easier to make friendships when traits are similar

37
Q

The transporters studied showed trains with what altered aspect

A Trains with human faces
B Trains with animal faces
C Trains with cartoon faces
D Trains with no faces

A

A Trains with human faces

38
Q

Studies have shown that children who watched ‘ transporters’ improved in emotional ________ and _________.

A

improvements in emotional recognition and vocabulary

39
Q

What are 3 main interventions to help autistic people and decrease severity of symptoms?

A

Intervening early with communication and emotion processing
Applied behavioural analysis
societal interventions

40
Q

Societal interventions of autism look to close the _______ gap, such as in ______ ______ training

A

closing the empathy gap
such as autism acceptance training

41
Q

Applied behavioural analysis may be harmful as it teaches autistic children to do what?

A

suppression of unwanted behaviours

42
Q

Autism acceptance training aims to create more positive ______ of autistic people and their _______. It reduces ______ and ________ and increases social _______.

A

creating more positive perceptions of autistic adults and their abilities
reduces stigma and misconceptions and increases social interest