Research Methods

Question 1

The key aims of developmental research are to _________ and _________ development, and uncover the earliest _____________________

Answer 1

Describe and explain development
and uncover earliest instances of knowledge

Question 2

What are 2 ethical issues of developmental research?

Answer 2

Informed consent - from parents if under 16
Knowledge of freedom to withdraw

Question 3

When studying development, researchers must select appropriate ________ to capture an ability and appropriate __________ for the age group.

Answer 3

appropriate age groups
appropriate tasks

Question 4

Absence of evidence does not equal _________________________

Answer 4

evidence of absence

Question 5

The conceptual understanding needed to solve a problem task is referred top as
A Confidence
B Performance
C Competence
D Intellect

Answer 5

C Competence

Question 6

The additional cognitive abilities required to access and express understanding is referred to as
A Competence B Confidence C Intellect D Performance

Answer 6

D Performance

Question 7

Which type of developmental research design compares behaviour of different age groups on one single task, with all measurement taken at one time point?
A Longitudinal design
B Cross-sectional design
C Micro-genetic design
D Quasi-experimental design

Answer 7

B Cross sectional design

Question 8

What is the main advantage of cross-sectional designs?

Answer 8

Time and cost efficient

Question 9

What are 2 key issues of cross-sectional designs?

Answer 9

Assumes all children go through the same developmental trajectory
Doesn’t inform us of the ongoing process of development

Question 10

What is a longitudinal design in developmental research?

Answer 10

examining the abilities of a group over a period of time, with measurements taken across different time periods

Question 11

Longitudinal designs allow researchers to observe _________ over _______

Answer 11

observe changes over time

Question 12

Longitudinal designs may show how
A Early vocabulary skills predict reading ability in the future
B Watching tv at a young age may predict antisocial behaviour in early teens
C Early stimulus preferences may predict future complex preferences
D All of the above

Ho

Answer 12

D All of the above

Question 13

The dropout of participants in longitudinal research is known as ___________

Answer 13

attrition

Question 14

What are two issues with repeated testing in longitudinal research?

Answer 14

Practice effects
It can confound developmental progress - deviation from normal

Question 15

Micro-genetic research in development is used to study what?

Answer 15

To capture the in depth process at the specific moment of change as it is asctually taking place

Question 16

Explicit knowledge refers to knowledge _______________________________, whereas implicit knowledge is knowledge the child is ____________

Answer 16

Explicit = easily accessible through explicit tasks
Implicit = child is not consciously aware of or does not consciously express

Question 17

Gesture speech mismatch in implicit measures of knowledge refers to a mismatch between _____________________________________ and ___________________________

Answer 17

The answer that the child gives and the gesture they make with their hands

Question 18

Which implicit measure of infant knowledge measures their looking time comparing two different stimulus?
A Inter-modal preferential looking
B Violation of expected frequency
C Preferential looking
D Habituation

Answer 18

C preferential looking

Question 19

Inter-modal preferential looking measures if children can link ___________________

Answer 19

can link stimuli across different sensory modalities

Question 20

In habituation/dishabituation tasks infants able to distinguish stimuli will ___________________ when presented with a novel stimuli compared to a repeatedly shown stimulus.
A Look for longer
B Look for the same amount of time
C Look for less time
D Not look at all

Answer 20

A Look for longer

Question 21

In violation of expectancy tasks, longer looking time at impossible events indicates what?

Answer 21

Some level of knowledge due to surprise

Question 22

What type of implicit task of infant knowledge would measure the location of an infants gaze before an upcoming event of a stimulus
A Preferential looking
B Intermodal preferential looking
C Anticipatory looking paradigm
D Pupillometry

Answer 22

C anticipatory looking paradigm

Question 23

Pupillometry measures ________________________ in response to __________, __________, __________ events and __________ tasks

Answer 23

Pupil dilation
in response to novel, emotional, arousal events
and demanding tasks

Question 24

What is an issue when studying infant knowledge?
A negative results can be hard to interpret
B Familiarity preference may override novelty preference
C Underlying cognitive processes may be hard to explain
D all of the above

Answer 24

D all of the above

Question 25

What are the 4 main disadvantages of longitudinal designs?

Answer 25

Resource Intensive
Attrition of participants over time
Practice effects
Repeated testing may affect course of normal development