Research Methods Flashcards
The key aims of developmental research are to _________ and _________ development, and uncover the earliest _____________________
Describe and explain development
and uncover earliest instances of knowledge
What are 2 ethical issues of developmental research?
Informed consent - from parents if under 16
Knowledge of freedom to withdraw
When studying development, researchers must select appropriate ________ to capture an ability and appropriate __________ for the age group.
appropriate age groups
appropriate tasks
Absence of evidence does not equal _________________________
evidence of absence
The conceptual understanding needed to solve a problem task is referred top as
A Confidence
B Performance
C Competence
D Intellect
C Competence
The additional cognitive abilities required to access and express understanding is referred to as
A Competence B Confidence C Intellect D Performance
D Performance
Which type of developmental research design compares behaviour of different age groups on one single task, with all measurement taken at one time point?
A Longitudinal design
B Cross-sectional design
C Micro-genetic design
D Quasi-experimental design
B Cross sectional design
What is the main advantage of cross-sectional designs?
Time and cost efficient
What are 2 key issues of cross-sectional designs?
Assumes all children go through the same developmental trajectory
Doesn’t inform us of the ongoing process of development
What is a longitudinal design in developmental research?
examining the abilities of a group over a period of time, with measurements taken across different time periods
Longitudinal designs allow researchers to observe _________ over _______
observe changes over time
Longitudinal designs may show how
A Early vocabulary skills predict reading ability in the future
B Watching tv at a young age may predict antisocial behaviour in early teens
C Early stimulus preferences may predict future complex preferences
D All of the above
Ho
D All of the above
The dropout of participants in longitudinal research is known as ___________
attrition
What are two issues with repeated testing in longitudinal research?
Practice effects
It can confound developmental progress - deviation from normal
Micro-genetic research in development is used to study what?
To capture the in depth process at the specific moment of change as it is asctually taking place
Explicit knowledge refers to knowledge _______________________________, whereas implicit knowledge is knowledge the child is ____________
Explicit = easily accessible through explicit tasks
Implicit = child is not consciously aware of or does not consciously express
Gesture speech mismatch in implicit measures of knowledge refers to a mismatch between _____________________________________ and ___________________________
The answer that the child gives and the gesture they make with their hands
Which implicit measure of infant knowledge measures their looking time comparing two different stimulus?
A Inter-modal preferential looking
B Violation of expected frequency
C Preferential looking
D Habituation
C preferential looking
Inter-modal preferential looking measures if children can link ___________________
can link stimuli across different sensory modalities
In habituation/dishabituation tasks infants able to distinguish stimuli will ___________________ when presented with a novel stimuli compared to a repeatedly shown stimulus.
A Look for longer
B Look for the same amount of time
C Look for less time
D Not look at all
A Look for longer
In violation of expectancy tasks, longer looking time at impossible events indicates what?
Some level of knowledge due to surprise
What type of implicit task of infant knowledge would measure the location of an infants gaze before an upcoming event of a stimulus
A Preferential looking
B Intermodal preferential looking
C Anticipatory looking paradigm
D Pupillometry
C anticipatory looking paradigm
Pupillometry measures ________________________ in response to __________, __________, __________ events and __________ tasks
Pupil dilation
in response to novel, emotional, arousal events
and demanding tasks
What is an issue when studying infant knowledge?
A negative results can be hard to interpret
B Familiarity preference may override novelty preference
C Underlying cognitive processes may be hard to explain
D all of the above
D all of the above
What are the 4 main disadvantages of longitudinal designs?
Resource Intensive
Attrition of participants over time
Practice effects
Repeated testing may affect course of normal development
