Sensorimotor development

Question 1

The sensorimotor stage is the ____ stage of Piaget’s stages of development, occurring at - years

Answer 1

first stage of development
0-2 years

Question 2

The first step of a sensori-motor skill is _____ input, such as from _____ or touch.
The second step is getting a state ______, about the location, size of the target object
The third step is comparing the current state to our _______ state. This is called the ______ model, as it works out how many steps our desired state is from the current state.
Step 4 is creating a ______ model from the _____ model
Step 5 is the last step, which is ______ execution

Answer 2

step 1 = sensory input from vision or touch
step 2 = state estimate about size/location of target
step 3 = comparing current state to desired state - inverse model
Step 4 = forward model (plan)
Step 5 = motor execution

Question 3

What are the two main sensori-motor development disorders?

Answer 3

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Developmental coordination disorder/dyspraxia

Question 4

Dyspraxia involves what 2 main difficulties?

Answer 4

selection timing spatial organization of coordinated movement
Social anxiety and communication skills

Question 5

Cassiday et al (2016) showed evidence of overlap between ASD and dyspraxia.
Adults with autism are more likely ___% to have dyspraxia than the gen pop ___%
Adults with dyspraxia show significantly more _______ traits and lower _____ than the general population

Answer 5

autism and dyspraxia = 6.9%, gen pop dyspraxia = 0.8%
dyspraxia adults have significantly more autistic traits and lower empathy than controls

Question 6

Studies have shown that __% of autistic adults have motor difficulties. Motor difficulties can be seen in _______by parents as early as ____ months.

Answer 6

80% of ASD adults have motor difficulties
can be seen in infants as young as 15 months

Question 7

Motor difficulties can also be associated with difficulties in what 4 things?

Answer 7

imitation
speech sound production
emotion recognition
social anxiety

Question 8

Early clinical reports of sensorimotor difficulties in autistic people by Kanner labelled them as

A sensory infringements
B Sensory disruptions
C Sensory intrusions
D Sensory illusions

Answer 8

C Sensory intrusions

Question 9

What are 2 examples of ‘sensory intrusions’ in autistic people?

Answer 9

proprioceptive impairment
increases synaesthesia

Question 10

ASD children have difficulties in processing _______ motion rather than ______ motion, suggesting higher order deficits in _____ cognition and ________ attention

Answer 10

difficulties processing biological motion rather than coherent motion
higher order deficits in social cognition and dynamic attention

Question 11

Despite deficits in _______ processing, autistic people have enhanced _______ processing of _____ details as well as shown to have ________ over-reactivity

Answer 11

enhanced processing of local details despite deficits in motion processing
sensory over-reactivity

Question 12

Sensory under responsiveness is correlated with both ________ motor behaviours and insistence on ________
Sensory over responsiveness was also related to insistence on ________.

Answer 12

Sensory over responsiveness related to insistence on sameness
Sensory under responsiveness related to insistence on sameness and repetitive behaviors

Question 13

Sensori and motor difficulties in people with autism appear ________.
They are also associated with _______ behaviors, and can impact anxiety as well as ________ of uncertainty

Answer 13

sensory and motor difficulties related
also associated with RRB’s
can impact anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty

Question 14

What is one sensorimotor skill tested in peoplw with autism

A throwing a ball
B Kicking a ball
C Catching a ball
D Predicting trajectory of a ball

Answer 14

C Cathcing ball

Question 15

What type of skill is the best predictor os social and communication skills?
A Sensory skills alone
B Motor skills alone
C Sensori-motor skills
D They are all equally predictive

Answer 15

C Sensori-motor skills

Question 16

People with autism are less accurate in ______ eyes to a new ______, and are ______ in initiating eye movement. This may explain worse ____-____ coordination

Answer 16

less accurate in moving eyes to new target and initiating eye movement
may explain worse hand eye coordination

Question 17

Autistic children are _____ susceptible to reacting in the rubber hand illusion.
A Less susceptible
B More susceptible
C Entirely insusceptible
D Always susceptible

Answer 17

A Less susceptible

Question 18

In the rubber hand illusion, a lack of susceptibility shows difficulties integrating _____ and ______ information, and have a reduced _________ drift than controls.

Answer 18

difficulties integrating visual and tactile info
reduced proprioceptive drift

Question 19

Autistic people are worse at incorporating feedback from _____ inputs into motor skills, and are highly reliant on ________ feedback.

Answer 19

worse at incorporating visual feedback
better with proprioceptive feedback

Question 20

Difficulties incorporating sensory feedback show a difficulty in what step of the sensori-motor model
A inverse model
B State estimates
C Forward model
D Action

Answer 20

C forward model

Question 21

The cerebellum may play a role in sensori-motor difficulties in autism, as it has pathways from _____ to ______ regions. People with autism have been found to have ________ in the cerebellum, and _______ activation in _____ tasks.

Answer 21

cerebellum has pathways to motor and sensory regions
ASD have abnormal cerebellum and reduced activation in motor tasks

Question 22

What is the name of the cells associated with reduced sensori-motor activity in people with autism?
What 2 neurotransmitters are involved?

Answer 22

Purkinje cells
GABA nd Glutamate

Question 23

Sensorimotor difficulties in autism may explain RRB’s, as well as what 3 social limitations?

Answer 23

difficulties in imitating
difficulties in using visual cues
coordination of gesture and eye contact in speech

Question 23

People with autism have inefficient ______ of Gaba and reduced ________ for GAB

Answer 23

ASD have inefficient GABA synthesis and reduced GABA receptors