ToM in Apes

Question 1

What was the earliest study which suggested that chimps do have a Theory of Mind?

Answer 1

Premack and Woodruff’s seminal paper study

Question 2

In Premack and Woodruff’s seminal paper study, what did the chimps do to suggest they had Theory of Mind?

Answer 2

It offered a solution to the actors problem, suggesting knowledge of intentions

Question 3

Who are the two main researchers in the ToM in apes debate?

Answer 3

Povinelli and Tomasello

Question 4

__________argues that apes do not have ToM, whereas ___________argued that apes can possess ToM

Answer 4

Povinelli - NO
Tomasello - YES

Question 5

Povinelli’s ___________ ____________ hypothesis suggests that apes cannot understand others ________, however they can understand ________ and form _________ ______.

Answer 5

Behavioural attribution hypothesis -
Cnnot understand others beliefs
only understand surface level behaviours and behavioural rules

Question 6

Tomasello argued that chimps can understand _____ and ________, and also can have __________ and _________ of others.

Answer 6

understand goals and intentions
and have knowledge and perception of others

Question 7

A goal is ___________________________________________, whereas an intention is ____________________________________.

Answer 7

goal = what a person is trying to achieve
intention = chosen plan of action to pursue the goal

Question 8

In Buttlemann et al’s study chimps understanding intentions, the chimps imitated behaviour when it was _____ _______ but not when it was due to a __________ ____________

Answer 8

imitated when done intentionally
not imitated when done due to a physical constraint

Question 9

Altruistic helping requires what two abilities/qualiities?

Answer 9

Cognition
Altruism

Question 10

In the altruistic helping study, there were _____ situations divided into 4 categories, What were the 4 categories?

Answer 10

10 situations
4 categories =
Object out of researchers reach
objected denied by physical object
achieving wrong result
using wrong means

Question 11

Altruistic helping studies support __________ hypothesis, as they show that by helping others, chimps have an _________ of __________.

Answer 11

Altruistic helping supports Tomasello’s hypothesis
by helping others chimps have an understanding of intentions

Question 12

Call and Tomasello (2008) showed in 10 different tasks, that chimps show an understanding of others intentions, which task is not an example of this?
A Getting/finding food
B Reacting to a partner’s intentions
C Imitation
D Sudoku solving

Answer 12

D sudoku solving

Question 13

What 4 things can eye gaze infer?

Answer 13

Focus of attention
object of desire/aversion
intent to act
feelings

Question 14

Studies into eye gaze in early infancy show that infants prefer ______ eyes over _____ eyes and _____ gaze over ______ gaze. Infants begin gaze following at around __ months.

Answer 14

prefer open eyes over closed eyes
prefer direct gaze rather than averted gaze
begin gaze following around 6 months

Question 15

Povinelli and Eddy showed that apes follow ______ direction rather than exact _____ _____.

Answer 15

Apes follow head direction over exact eye gaze

Question 16

Povinelli’s negative evidence that chimps use eye gaze to understand others is that:

A Chimps will only beg for food from blind folded humans
B Chimps will only beg for food from fully sighted humans
C Chimps are indiscriminate and will beg for food from blindfolded or fully sighted humans
D Chimps never beg for food

Answer 16

C Chimps are indiscriminate of eyesight of human and always beg for food

Question 17

Chimps are good at noticing eye _____ and _______, and forming ____, however this does not mean they understand that seeing indicates internal ____ ______

Answer 17

Chimps good at noticing eye gaze and direction
forming visual rules
but doesn’t mean they understand that seeing indicates internal mental states

Question 18

Why are competition tasks perhaps better than cooperation tasks for indicating ToM in apes?

Answer 18

Competition more natural in the wild - i.e. competing for resources

Question 19

The competitive paradigm’s results suggests chimps can ______ about others ________, on the basis of what others have/haven’t _____.

Answer 19

Chimps reason about others knowledge based on what others have/haven’t seen

Question 20

Povinelli’s behavioural abstraction hypothesis doesn’t refer seeing to knowledge of ________ ______ ______, whereas Tomasello’s mental-state attribution does refer seeing to knowldege of ________ ________ ______.

Answer 20

Povinelli doesn’t link seeing to internal mental states
Tomasello links seeing to knowledge of internal mental states

Question 21

Hare et al (2006) showed that chimps take both _______ and _______ perspective taking

Answer 21

auditory and visual perspective taking

Question 22

In auditory and perspective taking tasks, chimps took food from the location _________ _______ _____, and from the ______ tunnel where humans couldn’t _______.

Answer 22

Chimps took food from location human couldn’t see and took food from silent tunnel where humans couldn’t hear.

Question 23

In Call and Tomasello’s false belief study, chimps showed false belief understanding if they looked under the cup the man did/didn’t (select one) point to?
What were the results, did chimps show false beliefs?

Answer 23

Chimps scored if they looked under the cup the man didn’t point to
chimps did not pass false belief task

Question 24

Marticorena et al (2011) studied _____ monkeys in the wild, using a ______ of _________ task. Results showed monkeys could understand others ________ but not understand _____ _______.

Answer 24

Rhesus monkeys studied using violation of expectancy task.
could understand others knowledge but not false beliefs