Reading and Spelling Flashcards
Reading requires deciphering ______ and ______ from ______
Spelling requires putting _____ and ______ into ______.
Reading = getting speech and meaning from print
spelling = putting speech and meaning into print
Automatic reading practice gives us
A Depth and breadth of vocabulary
B Morphology
C Syntax
D All of the above
D All of the above
What are the 5 techniques of how we read letters?
Letter Recognition
Sound decoding
analogizing to known words
prediction based on grapho-phonemics
semantic context
In the English language we uses symbols to map onto letter sounds, this is known as the _________. Ambiguities in spelling/ writing may arise due to a ______ ________ of ________ (26).
alphabet limited number of symbols giving rise to spelling and writing ambiguities
Th grapho-phonemic connection is the ability to match ________ (Graphemes) to ________ (phonemes)
matching letters (graphemes) to sounds (phonemes)
Conrad et al found what about spelling and reading in development?
spelling more important than reading - improves both spelling and reading
Coltheart et al dual route cascaded model has the _____ _______ system, the ______ ___-______ system, and the _________-________ conversion/rule system.
lexical semantic system and lexical non-semantic system
and grapheme-phoneme conversion system,
The lexical semantic route is for words that we both know the _____and _______.
lexical semantic = words that we sound and recognise
The lexical non-semantic route is for irregular ______/______ words. This skips the ______ system, going from how it is _______ to how it ______.
lexical non semantic = for irregular sounding or spelt words
skips semantic, goes from how it is spelled to how it sounds
The grapheme-phoneme route is for ____ words, where we _______ have to figure out how the word ______. This is used more at a _____ ____
This route for new words where we effortfully have to figure out how it sounds
usually used more by young children as they learn
The Dual Route cascaded model distinguishes ______ _____ and __________ dyslexia.
surface level and phonological dyslexia
Surface level dyslexia is difficulties in reading _____ words such as yacht, so there is an issue with the _____-____ ______ route.
Phonological dyslexia is difficulties reading ___-_____, so there is a fault with the _______-_______ route
Surface level = difficulty in reading irregular sounding words - issue with lexical non-semantic route
Phonological dyslexia is difficulties reading non words, so issue with graphemic-phonemic route
The 4 criticisms of the Dual Route cascaded model is that it doesn’t explain:
how dyslexia develops
how different routes are mastered
when different routes are mastered
how grapheme-phenome converter arises
Frith’s stage model has what 3 stages?
How many steps does each stage have?
Logographic = 3
alphabetic = 3
orthographic = 2
The logographic step refers to understanding the ____and ______ of a word.
The alphabetic step refrs to forming the ______ _____ connection
The orthographic step refers to our internal ________. At this stage we can ________ most words automatically
Logographic = understanding of letters and symbols
Alphabetic = grapheme phoneme connection
Orthographic = internal lexicon built up so can recognize sounds of new words easier
A supporting point for Frith’s model is that it is a more _________ and ________ approach, with stages.
A critique of Frith’s model is evidence that the ________ stage may occur ________ than thought
Support = specified developmental approach
Critique = orthographic may develop earlier than thought
Ehri’s phase model contains what 4 phases?
Pre-alphabetic
partial alphabetic
full alphabetic
consolidated alphabetic
What can child do at the pre-alphabetic stage (pre-school)?
decode visual cues but no letter-sound relations
What can a child do at the partial alphabetic stage?
letter knowledge and basic grapho-phonemic knowledge
What can a child do at the full alphabetic page?
full grapheme phoneme connections
can use analogizing to predict words from sounds
At the consolidated alphabetic stage what can a child do?
grapheme phoneme decoding
memory of patterns
Ehri’s phase model is praised for being _____ and for showing the importance of ____ words. However a critique of the phase model is that it has no _______ _______ structure, and it lacks the ______ ______ stage.
+++ flexible model
shows the importance of sight words
—- no underlying cognitive structure
lacks a mature reading stage
Eagle
Gentry’s spelling model has what 5 stages?
What occurs at each stage?
pre-communicative stage - experimenting with letter comnbinations
semi-phonetic stage - basic letter to sound connections
phonetic stage - developing grapheme phoneme connection
Transitional stage - developed phonemes (sounds) incorrect graphemes (spelling)
Correct stage = correct spelling of words
In what order do we learn the following ?
Spelling Speaking reading writing listening
Listening 1st
speaking
reading
spelling
writing - last
The key aspect in word learning is the _______-_________ connection.
grapheme-phoneme connection
What is a better predictor of future performance, shown by both longitudinal studies and early intervention studies
A Early phonemic segmentation (GP - PG conversions)
B Early semantic understandings
C Early vocabulary development
D They are all equally predictive
A Early phonemic segmentation
What intervention can improve word identification in both good and poor readers?
phonemic segmentation training
It was found that _______ awareness was a larger contributor to reading ability than _______ short term memory and ____ awareness
phonemic awareness> Verbal STM and rime awareness
Opaque languages require _____ processing, and have ____________ letter-phoneme connections. An example is the _______ language.
Opaque = deep processing
ambiguous letter phoneme connections
such as english
Transparent languages require ________ processing, and have ____________ letter-phoneme connections. An example is the _______ language.
transparent = shallow processing
with consistent latter-phoneme connections
such as finnish
Transparent languages have ______ access to phonemes, leading to improved _______, whereas opaque languages have _____ access to phonemes, leading to slower development of _________.
Transparent = easier access to phonemes leading to improved faster reading development
Opaque = less access to phonemes leading to slower reading development
________ __________ was more important in opaque languages, because it is harder whereas _________ is more important in transparent languages, because phonemic awareness is already developed.
Phonemic awareness more of a factor in opaque languages
vocab more important in transparent languages
