Development of ToM Flashcards
Theory of Mind is the idea that people hold__________
mental states which govern behaviour
If a child has a desire based ToM, they understand what?
That their own desires differ from the desires others and are subjective.
Repacholi and Gopnik (1997) showed that at age ____ months children do not have understanding of different desires, however at age ____ months they develop this ability.
14 months - no
18 months - yes
A belief based ToM refers to a child’s understanding that _________________ differs from ________ as well as other people’s ___________.
ToM - their beliefs differ from reality as well as others beliefs
What type of task infers if a child can separate their own belief from others or from reality?
A False knowledge task
B False understanding task
C False belief task
D True belief task
C False belief task
What are the two main tasks to test false beliefs? Give an example of each
(Wimmer & Perner, 1983), (Gopnik & Astington, 1988)
Unexpected transfer task - Maxi and his chocolate
Deceptive box task - smarties box
In the unexpected transfer task, a 3 year old (failing the task) will typically say maxi will look for his chocolate where?
In the fridge - where it currently is
In the unexpected transfer task, maxi leaves is chocolate in the _________, but his mother puts it in the __________
Cupboard
fridge
In the deceptive box test (smarties), a child answering that their friend will say ______ is inside the box, is indicative of a child passing the test?
A They say their friend will say a pen
B they say their friend will say smarties
C they say their friend will say nothing is in the box
D They say their friend will say raisins are inside the box
B smarties in the smarty box
Gopnik and Astington found that children aged 3 will
A Fail to acknowledge previous false belief
B Acknowledge previous false belief
C There was mixed evidence at age 3
D Will acknowledge others false beliefs
A Fail to acknowledge previous false belief
According to false belief tasks there is a radical conceptual change at around what age
A 4 Months B 2 years C 4 Years D 7 years
C 4 years
Bartsch and Wellman found that whilst ToM may not be seen in a task, it can be revealed in ____________ _________ _______________.
spontaneous natural conversations
One criticism of original false belief tasks is issues with __________ and _____________ of the questions?
phrasing and language
In a meta-analysis, Wellman et al found that what 2 variables did not effect performance in various Tom tasks?
Type of task/question
Nature of protaganist/object
True or false, Wellman et al failed to support the claim that children develop ToM of false beliefs around age 4
false
In a cross cultural study, callaghan et al found that children under 3 years, ____ out of 96 failed false belief tasks, whereas in 5 year olds, only ____ out of 85 failed false belief tasks
83/96 failure at age 3
13/85 failure at age 5
What are the 2 main factors contributing to the development of ToM?
Role of social experience via interactions
Biological maturation of executive function
Harris et al found that early ________________ were crucial in children understanding the perspective of others and developing ______________
early conversations
vocabulary
What 2 things were found to increase ToM performance in terms of social experience in normal hearing people?
And what factor in deaf children?
Having older siblings
parents speaking about mental states
deaf children also with deaf parents
Wellman and Liu created a scale of ToM, in what order?
Different desires
Different beliefs
Knowledge access
False beliefs
Hidden emotion
Wellman et al 2006, found that what 2 aspects of the ToM scale were switched in Iranian and Chinese children?
A False beliefs and hidden emotion
B False beliefs and knowledge access
C Different desires and different beliefs
D Different beliefs and knowledge access
D DB and KA
What are the 3 main types of executive/ cognitive functions?
Inhibition
Cognitive flexibility
working memory
Inhibition refers to ignoring ____________ _____ and suppressing ___________ __________
ignoring distracting info
supressing unwanted responses
In children, what task is used to test Inhibition?
A Bear task
B Shark task
C Dragon task
D Both A and C
D both bear task and dragon task
Cognitive flexibility refers to the ability to do what?
respond to the same thing in different ways under different context
The executive function which involves holding important goal based info in your mind is known as what?
A Inhibition
B Cognitive flexibility
C Working memory
D None of the above
C Working memory
What 2 memory techniques are used to test working memory?
Digit span
spatial span
Diamond and Taylor found that frontal lobe developments, which are important for inhibition, develop between ages __-__
3-6
Carlson et al found a strong correlation between __________ control tasks and _______ belief tasks
inhibitory control
false beliefs
Implicit measures of ToM use what 3 tasks as evidence that ToM develops earlier than thought?
Emotional response
Anticipatory looking
Violation of expectancy
Moll et al found that children as young as 3 will display what facial expression in response to a false belief, despite failing explicit FB tasks?
suspense - lip biting, eyebrow change
In an anticipatory looking task, where ‘Sam’ is looking for cheese, 86% of 3 year olds will look where?
A Longer at where Sam thinks the cheese is
B Longer at where the cheese actually is
C Equally at both locations
D At neither location
A Longer at where Sam thinks
Longer looking time at where Sam thinks the cheese is indicates what?
Implicit measure of false belief knowledge - surprise and therefore knowledge
Onishi and Baillargeon studied violation of expectancy in infants as young as ________ months old.
15 month olds
In violation of expectancy tasks, children look longer at ___________
A Consistent events
B Impossible events
C Inconsistent events
D Both B and C
D Both b and c
What were the 4 conditions in Onishi and Baillargeon’s violation of expectancy tasks? Which 2 conditions will infants look for longer at?
false belief - experimenter looks where item is - yes
false belief - experimenter looks where item is not
true belief - experimenter looks where item is
true belief - experimenter looks where item is not- yes
In Apperly and Butterfill’s dual route process model of children’s ToM, what is system 1 and 2?
1 = fast, efficient, error prone
2 = slow, effortful, reliable
