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DPT: Anatomy > Trunk: osteology and arthrology > Flashcards

Trunk: osteology and arthrology Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Curvatures

A

Curvatures that are present embryo logically and are carried through during birth; convex posterior lay yielding the curvature of the fetal position;

Thoracic and sacral

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2
Q

Secondary Curvature

A

Develop postnatal lay as a result of neuromuscular development necessary for head support and locomotion; cervical develops due to support of head; lumbar develops due to bipedal locomotion

Convex

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3
Q

Kyphosis

A

Exaggerated posterior curvature; “humpback”; often in the elderly; due to loss of turgidity in NP; bone loss; could be pathologically a response to muscular changes after polio

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4
Q

Lordosis

A

Exaggerated anterior curvature; women during pregnancy due to shifting of weight

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5
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curvature; result due to incomplete formation of the vertebrae or unequal muscle tensions on one side of the VC

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6
Q

Vertebral Arch

A

Encloses the vertebral foramen; formed by the pedicels and the laminate at their continuity at the transverse processes and the spinous processes;

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7
Q

Cervical Vertebrae Regional Characteristics

A

Transverse foramen for the passage of the vertebral artery

Bifid spinous process

C1 has no body, only an ant. Or ventral arch

C2 has the dens, developmentally formed from the body of C1

Don’t have an inferior projection of spinous process to maintain secondary curve

Facets: superoposteriorly

Rich ligamentous support

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8
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae Regional Characteristics

A

Costal facets for articulation with ribs on side of body and transverse processes (Demi facets)

Costal facets for articulation of ribs 10-12 on Pedicle (also has more flexibility due to lack of fused ribs)

T1 has a complete facet for rib 1, plus demifacet for rib 2

Facets: oriented posteriorly

Very inferior spinous processes to maintain primary curve; restricts extension

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9
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae Regional characteristics

A

Massive bodies and lamina

No costal facets

L5 heavy elongated transverse process for attachment of iliolumbar ligament

Failure of closure of the posterior neuron ore at L4- spina bifida

facets oriented medially

Spinous processes oriented posteriorly to maintain secondary curve

Have accessory and mamillary processes for greater pull of muscles

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10
Q

Sacral Vertebrae Regional Characteristics

A

Fusion of 5 vertebrae as sacrum

4 dorsal and 4 ventral foraminae for exit of spinal nerves

Sacral Cornu: remnant of Inf. Articular process; borders hiatus

Sacral Promontory: body of S1

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11
Q

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

A

Attached to periosteum on the ant. Side of body and intervertebral disc. Functions in the stability of the joint and is the only ligament that limits extension, preventing hyper extension.

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12
Q

Post. Longitudinal Ligament

A

Attached to post. Side of the body for stability and prevention of hyperflexion; also prevents direct post. Protrusion of the NP; weaker and thinner; continuous up to foramen magnum to the inside of post. Cranial fossa

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13
Q

Intervertebral Disc

A

Made up of an outer ring of fibrocartilage, the annulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus (NP) inside is mostly water; last intact disc is between sacrum and L5

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14
Q

Nucleus Pulposus

A

Contact with hyaline cartilage located centrally on the superior and inferior faces of the body of the vertebrae; liquid

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15
Q

Annulus Fibrosus

A

Concentric rings of fibrocartilage; each layer of fibrocartilage is oriented about 90 degrees differently for strength; thicker on the anterior side; supported by ant. Longitudinal ligament; less supportive posteriorly

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16
Q

Ligamentum Flavum

A

Ligament attaching lamina to lamina; yellow in color; made of CT

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17
Q

Interspinous Ligament

A

Ligaments connecting successive spinous processes; just two vertebrae

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18
Q

Supraspinous Ligament

A

Continuous ligament connecting successive tips of each spinous process; in upper thoracic and cervical region is referred to as Ligamentum Nuchae;

connects all of the spines of the vertebrae

Relatively weak in humans

19
Q

Zygapophysial or Facet Joint

A

Synovial joint of the planar type; have hyaline cartilage on their articular surfaces; between vertebrae

20
Q

Sacroiliac Joints

A

Synovial planar joints

21
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Back

A

Involved in movement of the actual trunk; below the extrinsic muscles which are involved in upper extremity motion; responsible for maintenance of posture

22
Q

Superficial Intrinsic Muscles of the Back

A

Splenius cervicis and Splenius capitis

Act to laterally flex and rotate the trunk to the same side; fibers oriented from medial to supero-lateral

23
Q

Intermediate Intrinsic Back Muscles

A

Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis (lumborum, thoracis, and cervicis)

Acts to laterally flex and rotate the trunk to the same side; fibers oriented from medial to supero-lateral

24
Q

Deep Intrinsic Back Muscles

A

Semi spinalis (thoracis, cervicis, capitis), multifidus, and rotatores (longus and brevis)

Also known as transversospinalis

Act to rotate the column to the opposite side; this is due to the fibers being directed from a lateral origin to a superior and medial insertion

25
Q

What type of joint is most common in the spinal column?

A

synovial joint; hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface while an articular capsule surrounds the joints

Facet joints, joints with ribs, etc.

Gliding joint between L5 and sacrum

26
Q

Primary Ossification Sites

A

three; centrum or body, two lateral parts of the arch

27
Q

Secondary Ossification Sites

A

five; tip of spinous process, tips of two transverse processes, and superior and inferior rims of the body (future site of annulus fibrosis)

28
Q

Alar Ligament

A

resists rotation between C1 and C2 to keep them from sliding off one another

29
Q

Thoracolumbar Fascia

A

formed from aponeurotic connections of the abdominal muscles attaching to the lumbar vertebrae and iliac crest; a large fascial sheath deep to extrinsic muscles; posterior and middle layers encase the deep back muscles

30
Q

Abdominal Muscles

A

function to compress abdomen and flex trunk against gravity; transverse abdominis is active in stabilizing the lumbar vertebrae to prevent lower back pain

31
Q

Ribs

A

ribs are anchored rostrally to the sternum and thus make the thoracic region less flexible;

head of each rib has two demifacets to match the demifacets of the vertebrae (exception: rib 1 and rib 11, 12)

32
Q

Movement of the Vertebral Column

A

Cervical: flexion is greatest, but extension is compromised due to the overlapping spinous processes

Thoracic: limited mobility due to ribs

Lumbar: allows for flexion and extension, but greatest mobility is extension (flexion limited due to massive size of bodies)

33
Q

Contents of the Suboccipital Triangle

A

Dorsal rami of spinal nerve C1 only goes to the suboccipital muscles; thus dermatome innervation on the post. head is by dorsal rami of C2

Vertebral artery exits the transverse foramen of C1 and crossing anterosuperiorly to wrap to ant. brainstem

Greater occipital nerve crosses over triangle to reach post. head (lies alongside occipital artery); dorsal rami of C2-3

Lesser occipital nerve provides info to lat. neck and is ventral rami of C2-3

34
Q

Movement of the Trunk

A

an interplay of musculature acting across the spine and on the pelvis; small movements by dozens of segments

35
Q

Combined Muscle Actions

A

in flexion, the back muscles work to keep the body from falling; even though the abdominals work to bring into flexion

In extension, front muscles work to keep the body from falling back

36
Q

Posterior Muscle Group of Trunk

A

splenius muscles, erector spinae, transversospinales, suboccipital muscles, segmental muscles

Have vectors of pull that allow for extension, rotation, and lateral bending; working with other muscles (ex: rotation work with abdominals; side bending works with quadratus)

37
Q

Anterior Muscle Group of Trunk

A

suboccipital muscles, abdominals, psoas major

38
Q

Lateral Muscle Group of Trunk

A

Quadratus Lumborum, psoas major, internal abdominal oblique

39
Q

LumboSacral Plexus

A

formed from the ventral rami of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves; emerges through post. abdominal and pelvic walls; very few trunk muscles receive innervation from these nerves

L4-S3

40
Q

Superior Gluteal Nerve

A

L4-S1; innervates glute med, min, TFL

41
Q

Inferior Gluteal Nerve

A

L5-S2; innervates glute max

42
Q

Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh

A

S1-S3; innervates the posterior surface of the thigh

43
Q

Pudendal Nerve

A

S2-S4

44
Q

Lateral Raphe

A

when all six layers of fascia around the abdominals fuse; just lateral to the intrinsic muscles of the back

DPT: Anatomy (20 decks)

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