Axes And Planes

Question 1

Synarthroses

Answer 1

Fibrous joints; immovable or slightly movable joint; all of the articulations are nearly in direct contact; joints fashioned together by fibrous CT

Syndesmoses- dense fibrous CT joints two bones

Sutures/Synostoses- bones fused by a thin layer of fibrous tissue

Gomphoses- insertion of conical process in a socket (mandible)

Question 2

Amphiarthroses (Cartilaginous)

Answer 2

Slightly movable joint; united by a plate of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilagenous disc

Synchondroses- hyaline cartilage joins two bones to form a temporary joint before adult life

Symphysis- Union of two contiguous/touching bony surfaces

Question 3

Diarthroses (Synovial)

Answer 3

Freely movable joint

Question 4

Gross Anatomy

Answer 4

The process of examining the cadaver in order that some insight may be gained into how the living body is constructed; study of structure or morphology; dissection; oldest and most relevant of the basic sciences

Question 5

Microscopic Anatomy

Answer 5

The study of the tissue that makes up the gross organ or part; the study of structure with aid of a microscope to view the cellular level (cytology)

Question 6

Embryology

Answer 6

The study that deals with the growth and differentiation of the organism for the single-cell ovum to birth; the processes of development and maturation also called ontogeny

Question 7

Surface Anatomy

Answer 7

The study of the living body; palpation of skin, bones, muscles, joints, arteries, veins, and nerves of the human body; utilizing surface landmarks to evaluate and assess patients

Question 8

Anatomical Position

Answer 8

Defined according to developmental stages; arbitrarily accepted position adopted;

Question 9

Sagittal Plane

Answer 9

A vertical plane that extends from front to back, dividing the body into right and left portions;

Movement= flexion/extension

Made up of vertical and anteroposterior axes

Movement occurs about mediolateral axis

Question 10

Coronal/Frontal Plane

Answer 10

A vertical plane that extends from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions

Movement= adduction and abduction

Mediolateral and vertical axes compose this plane

Movement occurs about anteroposterior axis

Question 11

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

Answer 11

plane cutting across the long axis of a structure at right angles to the Sagittal and coronal plane, dividing the body into cranial and caudal portions;

Made up of the anteroposterior and mediolateral axes

Movement= rotation

Movement occurs about the vertical axis

Question 12

Center of Gravity

Answer 12

The point at which the three mid planes of the body intersect; women have a lower center of gravity

Question 13

Distal Attachment

Answer 13

The insertion; when this part is allowed to freely move, it is an open chained movement

Question 14

Proximal Attachment

Answer 14

the origin; when the distal end is fixed, this moves toward the distal attachment and is known as a closed chained movement

Question 15

Synovial Joints (Characteristics)

Answer 15

possess a joint capsule of dense irregular CT and ligaments (sealed compartment);

ends of bones covered with articular cartilage (hyaline; lubricates and cushions)

Synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid that generates nutrients and pics up waste

synovial membrane lies just internal to the joint capsule; synoviocytes lie here

Question 16

Ligaments

Answer 16

CT bands made of collagen fibers (or elastic fibers) joining two bony structures; these are flexible enough to permit motion, but strong enough to not yield to applied forces; elaborations of outer capsule;

Question 17

Synovial Fluid

Answer 17

clear viscous fluid with a slight alkaline pH, contains large sugar molecules, proteins, and electrolytes;

as the temperature or rate of shear increases, the viscosity decreases;

weight bearing capacity is unaltered by the rate of motion and as rapid shearing is repeated, the flow time increases;

a good conductor of heat and very low friction

provides nutrition to the joint, lubricates joint surfaces, and dissipates heat

Question 18

Immobilization of Synovial Fluid

Answer 18

causes an increase in viscosity, decrease synovial fluid production, and increases sugar crystallization; movement in synovial joints is therapeutic, causing a pumping affect to increase nutrition, normalize viscosity, and begins to produce synovial fluid via bursae

Question 19

Hemarthrosis of Synovial Fluid

Answer 19

bloody effusion in the joint capsule produced by trauma to one or a combination of structures (I.e. meniscus tear, cruciate tear, tibial plateau fx, patella dislocation)

Question 20

Synovial Membrane

Answer 20

deep to the collagenous capsule of dense irregular CT; derived from the embryonic mesenchyme; non-articular

Question 21

Lamina Intima of synovial Membrane

Answer 21

1-4 layers of synovial cells embedded in a granular fiber free matrix; produces synovial fluid and absorbs substances from the joint cavity; Type A and B synoviocytes;

Question 22

Type A Synoviocytes

Answer 22

remove debris from the synovial fluid

Question 23

Type B Synoviocytes

Answer 23

resemble fibroblasts and are thought to secrete synovial fluid; rich in hyaluronic acid and lubricin

Question 24

Lamina Sub-Intima of Synovial membrane

Answer 24

vascular fibrous layer where collagen and elastin fibers run parallel to the surface; contain fibroblasts, macrophages, and fat cells; prevents excessive folding during movement and imparts a firmness/elasticity

Question 25

Bursae

Answer 25

clefts in CT between muscle, tendons, ligaments, and bone; made into closed sacs by synovial lining; where a tendon runs in a tunnel and is subject to friction on all sides, bursa surrounds the tendon and is known as a synovial sheath; inner wall surfaces rub together to produce synovial fluid; facilitates gliding